Key References
Here is the list of some of the references that I might end up using in my book, "Statistical Evidence.".
Ask >> Alternating Treatments (3)
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
The Psychic Staring Effect: An Artifact of Pseudo Randomization. Marks DF, Colwell J. Skeptical Inquirer 2000: 24(5); 41-44 and 49.
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Ask >> Bonferroni (1)
Methods of correcting for multiple testing: operating characteristics. Brown BW, Russell K. Statistics in Medicine 1997: 16(22); 2511-28.
Ask >> Bonferroni correction (6)
Multiple significance tests and the Bonferroni correction. Bland M. Accessed on 2002-12/31/03. www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/Statistics/Multiple_significance_tests_and_the_Bonferroni_correction.htm
Assessing cause and effect from trials: a cautionary note. Howel D, Bhopal R. Control Clin Trials 1994: 15(5); 331-4. [Medline]
Multiple Comparisons Theory and Methods. Hsu JC (1996) London: Chapman & Hall.
Simultaneous Statistical Inference Second Edition. Miller RG (1981) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Multiple comparisons and related issues in the interpretation of epidemiologic data. Savitz D. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995: 142(9); 904-07.
False positive outcomes and design characteristics in occupational cancer epidemiology studies. Swaen GG, Teggeler O, van Amelsvoort LG. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 948-54. [Medline]
Ask >> Causation (2)
Epidemiology Kept Simple An Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Gerstman BB (1998) New York: Wiley-Liss.
Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson DW (1996) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ask >> Flaws (1)
Biases in the interpretation and use of research results. MacCoun R. Annu Rev Psychol 1998: 49; 259-87. [Full text] [PDF]
Ask >> NNT (1)
Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7200); 1730-1737. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Antihistamine Editorial (9)
Editorials and Conflicts of Interest. Angell M, Kassirer JP. N Engl J Med 1996: 335(14); 1055-1056. [Medline] [Full text]
Why Review Articles on the Health Effects of Passive Smoking Reach Different Conclusions. Barnes DE, Bero LA. JAMA 1998: 279(19); 1566-1570. [Medline] [Abstract]
The publication of sponsored symposiums in medical journals. Bero LA, Galbraith A, Rennie D. N Engl J Med 1992: 327(16); 1135-40. [Medline] [Abstract]
The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients. Bodian CA, Freedman G, Hossain S, Eisenkraft JB, Beilin Y. Anesthesiology 2001: 95(6); 1356-61. [Medline]
How well is the clinical importance of study results reported? An assessment of randomized controlled trials. Chan KB, Man-Son-Hing M, Molnar FJ, Laupacis A. Cmaj 2001: 165(9); 1197-202. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Problem is greater than editorial indicates. Kristiansen IS. BMJ 2003: 326(7394); 883-. [Full text]
Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Ann Emerg Med 2001: 37(1); 28-31. [Medline]
Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. Stelfox HT, Chua G, O. Rourke K, Detsky AS. N Engl J Med 1998: 338(2); 101-6. [Medline]
Randomised controlled trial of homeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. Taylor MA, Reilly D, Llewellyn-Jones RH, McSharry C, Aitchison TC. BMJ 2000: 321; 471-476. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Apples (38)
Statistics as Principled Argument. Abelson RP (1995) Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0805805281. [BookFinder4U link]
Home versus hospital deliveries: follow up study of matched pairs for procedures and outcome. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Voegeli T, Gunter-Witt K, Kunz I, Zullig M, Schindler C, Maurer M, Team ZS. BMJ 1996: 313(7068); 1313-1318. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
A controlled trial of immunotherapy for asthma in allergic children. Adkinson NF, Jr., Eggleston PA, Eney D, Goldstein EO, Schuberth KC, Bacon JR, Hamilton RG, Weiss ME, Arshad H, Meinert CL, Tonascia J, Wheeler B. New England Journal of Medicine 1997: 336(5); 324-31. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Are sex and death related? Study failed to adjust for an important confounder [letter; comment]. Batty D. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7145); 1671; discussion 1672. [Full text]
Uresolved Health Issues. Blackburn RD, Cunkelman JA, Zlidar VM. Accessed on 2003-10-06. www.infoforhealth.org/pr/a9/a9chap5.shtml
Randomised crossover trial comparing the performance of Clinical Terms Version 3 and Read Codes 5 byte set coding schemes in general practice. Brown PJ, Warmington V, Laurence M, Prevost AT. Bmj 2003: 326(7399); 1127. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women. Bryant HE, Visser N, Love EJ. American Journal of Public Health 1989: 79(1); 78-80. [Medline]
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976: 73(10); 3685-9. [Medline]
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Maternal smoking and Down syndrome: the confounding effect of maternal age. Chen CL, Gilbert TJ, Daling JR. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 442-6.
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1887-1892. [Medline]
A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data: Application to Cancer of the Lung, Breast and Cervix. Cornfield J. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1951: 11; 1423-4.
Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study. Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Bmj 1999: 319(7218); 1157-62. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. Drew S, Davies E. Bmj 2001: 322(7278); 73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
How to evaluate and improve the quality and credibility of an outcomes database: validation and feedback study on the UK Cardiac Surgery Experience. Fine LG, Keogh BE, Cretin S, Orlando M, Gould MM. BMJ 2003: 326(7379); 25-28. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Hassan MA, Killick SR. Fertil Steril 2003: 79 Suppl 3; 2-9. [Medline]
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1491-1499. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Workforce retention in rural and remote Australia: determining the factors that influence length of practice. Humphreys JS, Jones MP, Jones JA, Mara PR. Med J Aust 2002: 176(10); 472-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluation of the performance and clinical impact of a rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in conjunction with preoperative imaging and concise parathyroidectomy. Johnson LR, Doherty G, Lairmore T, Moley JF, Brunt LM, Koenig J, Scott MG. Clin Chem 2001: 47(5); 919-25. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
"The 60-Minutes-Myocardial Infarction Project": Comparison with a Registry and a Randomized Clinical Trial. Koch A, Hörmann A, Löwel H, Senges J, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/koch.htm
Heparinized saline versus normal saline in maintaining patency of the radial artery catheter. Kulkarni M, Elsner C, Ouellet D, Zeldin R. Can J Surg 1994: 37(1); 37-42. [Medline]
Problems of Randomized Controlled Trails (RCT) in Surgery. Lefering R, Neugebauer E, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/lefering.htm
Truths about the NINDS study: setting the record straight. Mann J. West J Med 2002: 176(3); 192-194. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel C. New England Journal of Medicine 1985: 312(3); 137-141. [Medline]
The disappearance of Reye's syndrome--a public health triumph. Monto AS. N Engl J Med 1999: 340(18); 1423-4. [Medline]
The association between secondhand smoke and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes, among non-smokers, under the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors: The CARDIO2000 case-control study. Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Papaioannou I, Skoumas J, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. BMC Public Health 2002: 2(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Benefit of heparin in peripheral venous and arterial catheters: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Andrew M. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7136); 969-75. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The way forward for clinical research. Rawlins SM, Published by Pharmafocus on June 2, 2003. Accessed on 2005-2-22. http://www.pharmafocus.com/cda/focusH/1,2109,22-0-0-0-focus_feature_detail-0-75778,00.html
Baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. Roberts C, Torgerson D. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7203); 185. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Are randomized control trial outcomes influenced by the inclusion of a placebo group? a systematic review of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug trials for arthritis treatment. Rochon PA, Binns MA, Litner JA, Litner GM, Fischbach MS, Eisenberg D, Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Chalmers TC. J Clin Epidemiol 1999: 52(2); 113-22. [Medline]
Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Sackett DL. Lancet 1997: 349(9051); 570; discussion 572-3. [Medline]
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Fat chance: diet and ischemic stroke [editorial; comment]. Sherwin R, Price TR. Jama 1997: 278(24); 2185-6. [Medline]
Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7123); 1641-1644. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. Steptoe A, Doherty S, Rink E, Kerry S, Kendrick T, Hilton S. Bmj 1999: 319(7215); 943-7; discussion 947-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Design issues in case-control studies. Wacholder S. Stat Methods Med Res 1995: 4(4); 293-309. [Medline]
Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. Yoshioka A. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1220-1223. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 1 (7)
A controlled trial of immunotherapy for asthma in allergic children. Adkinson NF, Jr., Eggleston PA, Eney D, Goldstein EO, Schuberth KC, Bacon JR, Hamilton RG, Weiss ME, Arshad H, Meinert CL, Tonascia J, Wheeler B. New England Journal of Medicine 1997: 336(5); 324-31. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Lancet 1989: 1(8652); 1435-9. [Medline]
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1491-1499. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Sackett DL. Lancet 1997: 349(9051); 570; discussion 572-3. [Medline]
Fat chance: diet and ischemic stroke [editorial; comment]. Sherwin R, Price TR. Jama 1997: 278(24); 2185-6. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 2 (5)
Dangers of using "optimal" cutpoints in the evaluation of prognostic factors. Altman DG, Lausen B, Sauerbrei W, Schumacher M. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994: 86(11); 829-35. [Medline]
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL, Jr., Park HK, Sanders BB, Jr., Smith CL, Taylor JR. Jama 1996: 276(24); 1957-63. [Medline]
Assessing cause and effect from trials: a cautionary note. Howel D, Bhopal R. Control Clin Trials 1994: 15(5); 331-4. [Medline]
Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States). Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cancer Causes Control 1994: 5(2); 141-8. [Medline]
Ozone Depletion, History and politics. Sparling B. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/history.html
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 3 (8)
Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Beyerstein BL. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); [Full text]
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Lancet 1989: 1(8652); 1435-9. [Medline]
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Removing bias in surgical trials. Johnson AG, Dixon JM. British Medical Journal 1997: 314(7085); 916-7. [Medline] [Full text]
An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach. Nelemans PJ, Rampen FH, Ruiter DJ, Verbeek AL. J Clin Epidemiol 1995: 48(11); 1331-42. [Medline]
Inconsistencies and Errors in Alternative Medicine Research. Sampson W. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); 35-38.
Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled trials: survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and gynaecology. Schulz KF, Grimes DA, Altman DG, Hayes RJ. BMJ 1996: 312(7033); 742-744. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 4 (1)
The healthy control subject in psychiatric research: impulsiveness and volunteer bias. Gustavsson JP, Asberg M, Schalling D. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997: 96(5); 325-8. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 5 (1)
The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, West SL, Morse ML. Arch Intern Med 1987: 147(1); 85-8. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 6 (4)
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976: 73(10); 3685-9. [Medline]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel C. New England Journal of Medicine 1985: 312(3); 137-141. [Medline]
Observational Studies. Rosenbaum P (1995) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. Smith TA, House RF, Jr., Croghan IT, Gauvin TR, Colligan RC, Offord KP, Gomez-Dahl LC, Hurt RD. Pediatrics 1996: 98(4 Pt 1); 659-67. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 8 (2)
The Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes. Cox P. Accessed on 2003-06-10. www.mathmistakes.com/
Some Remarks on Wild Observations. Kruskal WH. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/out.htm
Bibliography >> Leftout (19)
Unjustified exclusion of elderly people from studies submitted to research ethics committee for approval: descriptive study. Bayer A, Tadd W. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7267); 992-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
A genetic bias in clinical trials? Cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype in general vs selected healthy subject populations [letter]. Chen S, Kumar S, Chou WH, Barrett JS, Wedlund PJ. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997: 44(3); 303-4. [Medline]
Influence of Adherence Treatment and Response of Cholesterol on Mortality in the Coronary Drug Project. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. New England Journal of Med 1980: 303(18); 1038-1041. [Medline] [Abstract]
Risk Factor Changes after Cessation of Intervention in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Cutler JA, Grandits GA, Grimm RH, Thomas HE, Billings JH, Wright NH. Preventive Medicine 1991: 20(2); 183-196. [Medline]
A comparison of cigarette smokers recruited through the Internet or by mail. Etter JF, Perneger TV. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 521-5. [Medline]
The healthy control subject in psychiatric research: impulsiveness and volunteer bias. Gustavsson JP, Asberg M, Schalling D. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997: 96(5); 325-8. [Medline]
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. Hollis S, Campbell F. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7211); 670-674. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Treatment adherence and risk of death after a myocardial infarction. Horwitz RI, Viscoli CM, Berkman L, Donaldson RM, Horwitz SM, Murray CJ, Ransohoff DF, Sindelar J. Lancet 1990: 336(8714); 542-5. [Medline]
Assessing the generalizability of smoking studies. Hughes JR, Giovino GA, Klevens RM, Fiore MC. Addiction 1997: 92(4); 469-72. [Medline] [Abstract]
AAP Washington Office Testimony: Off-Label Drug Use. Kauffman R. Accessed on 2002-12-13. www.aap.org/advocacy/washing/offlabel.htm
Estimation of gender bias in clinical trials. Meinert CL, Gilpin AK. Stat Med 2001: 20(8); 1153-64. [Medline]
Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. Physicians' Health Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1989: 321(3); 129-35. [Medline]
Gender bias in clinical trials: do double standards still apply? Ramasubbu K, Gurm H, Litaker D. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001: 10(8); 757-64. [Medline]
Comorbidity of chronic diseases in general practice. Schellevis FG, van der Velden J, van de Lisdonk E, van Eijk JT, van Weel C. J Clin Epidemiol 1993: 46(5); 469-73. [Medline]
Are placebo run ins justified? Senn S. Bmj 1997: 314(7088); 1191-3. [Medline] [Full text]
Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. Smith TA, House RF, Jr., Croghan IT, Gauvin TR, Colligan RC, Offord KP, Gomez-Dahl LC, Hurt RD. Pediatrics 1996: 98(4 Pt 1); 659-67. [Medline]
What are the characteristics of general practitioners who routinely do not return postal questionnaires: a cross sectional study. Stocks N, Gunnell D. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000: 54(12); 940-1. [Medline]
Volunteer bias in sexuality research. Strassberg DS, Lowe K. Arch Sex Behav 1995: 24(4); 369-82. [Medline]
The Effect of School Dropout Rates on Estimates of Adolescent Substance Use among Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. Swaim RC, Beauvais F, Chavez E, Oetting E. American Journal of Public Health 1997: 87(1); 51-55. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Mountain (24)
InfoPOEMs - The Clinical Awareness System. Barry H, Ebell MH, Hume K, Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Accessed on 2003-10-07. www.infopoems.com/
Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Beyerstein BL. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); [Full text]
Does the duration of breast feeding matter? Booth I. Bmj 2001: 322(7287); 625-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Relation between tumour response to first-line chemotherapy and survival in advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Buyse M, Thirion P, Carlson RW, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Piedbois P. Lancet 2000: 356(9227); 373-8. [Medline]
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL, Jr., Park HK, Sanders BB, Jr., Smith CL, Taylor JR. Jama 1996: 276(24); 1957-63. [Medline]
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials. Devereaux PJ, Manns BJ, Ghali WA, Quan H, Lacchetti C, Montori VM, Bhandari M, Guyatt GH. Jama 2001: 285(15); 2000-3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Journals should see original protocols for clinical trials. Hawkey CJ. BMJ 2001: 323(7324); 1309-. [Medline] [Full text]
Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC. N Engl J Med 2001: 344(21); 1594-602. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Removing bias in surgical trials. Johnson AG, Dixon JM. British Medical Journal 1997: 314(7085); 916-7. [Medline] [Full text]
Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Bmj 2003: 326(7404); 1423. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Duration of breast feeding and arterial distensibility in early adult life: population based study. Leeson CP, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield JE, Lucas A. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7287); 643-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Interim analyses of data as they accumulate in laboratory experimentation. Ludbrook J. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 15. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Longitudinal impact of a youth tobacco education program. Mahoney MC, Bauer JE, Tumiel L, McMullen S, Schieder J, Pikuzinski D. BMC Fam Pract 2002: 3(1); 3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach. Nelemans PJ, Rampen FH, Ruiter DJ, Verbeek AL. J Clin Epidemiol 1995: 48(11); 1331-42. [Medline]
The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Noseworthy JH, Ebers GC, Vandervoort MK, Farquhar RE, Yetisir E, Roberts R. Neurology 1994: 44(1); 16-20. [Medline]
Evidence for the Factorial and Construct Validity of a Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale. Piland SG, Motl RW, Ferrara MS, Peterson CL. J Athl Train 2003: 38(2); 104-112. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Celestial determinants of success in research. Pollex R, Hegele B, Ban MR. Cmaj 2001: 165(12); 1584. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States). Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cancer Causes Control 1994: 5(2); 141-8. [Medline]
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
The Landscape and Lexicon of Blinding in Randomized Trials. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002: 136(3); 254-259. [Medline]
Experimenter Effects in Scientific Research: How Widely Are They Neglected? Sheldrake R. 1998: 12(1); 73-78. [Abstract] [PDF]
False positive outcomes and design characteristics in occupational cancer epidemiology studies. Swaen GG, Teggeler O, van Amelsvoort LG. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 948-54. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Overview (9)
Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists. Best J (2001) Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN: 0520219783. [BookFinder4U link]
Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice. Center for Health Evidence. Accessed on 2003-09-02. www.cche.net/usersguides/main.asp
Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trails. Elwood MJ (1998) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Interpreting the Medical Literature Third Edition. Gehlbach SH (1993) New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0071054510. [BookFinder4U link]
Evaluating Research Articles from Start to Finish. Girden ER (2001) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 0761922148. [BookFinder4U link]
Statistical Reasoning in Medicine. The Intuitive P-Value Primer. Moye LA (2000) New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 0387989331. [BookFinder4U link]
Studying a Study and Testing a Test: How to Read the Health Science Literature Third Edition. Riegelman RK, Hirsch RP (1996) Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN: 0316745219. [BookFinder4U link]
Evidence-based Medicine How to Practice and Teach EBM. Sackett DL, MD, Richardson SW, Rosenberg W, Haynes BR (1998) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0443056862. [BookFinder4U link]
Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years. Thornley B, Adams C. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1181-1184. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Simon (1)
When should cranial magnetic resonance imaging be used in girls with early sexual development? Grunt J, Midyett L, Simon S, Lowe L. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004: 17(5); 775-780. [Medline]
Definitions >> Kappa (1)
Differences in diagnostic criteria for gastric carcinoma between Japanese and western pathologists. Schlemper RJ, Itabashi M, Kato Y, Lewin KJ, Riddell RH, Shimoda T, Sipponen P, Stolte M, Watanabe H, Takahashi H, Fujita R. Lancet 1997: 349(9067); 1725-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Definitions >> Kappa >> Example (2)
Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM, Jr., Konduri GG. Pediatrics 2001: 107(3); 519-23.
Does how you do depend on how you think you'll do? A systematic review of the evidence for a relation between patients' recovery expectations and health outcomes. Mondloch MV, Cole DC, Frank JW. Cmaj 2001: 165(2); 174-9.
Definitions >> Likelihood (2)
Scientific Versus Statistical Inference. Dixon P, O'Reilly T. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 1999: 53(2); 133 - 149.
Sifting the evidence. Likelihood ratios are alternatives to P values. Perneger TV. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7295); 1184-5. [Full text]
Definitions >> Measurement Scales (1)
Data Levels and Measurement. Garson GD, North Carolina State University. Accessed on 2003-11-19. www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/datalevl.htm
Details >> Acknowledgment (1)
Synaptopodin expression in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Srivastava T, Garola RE, Whiting JM, Alon US. Kidney Int 2001: 59(1); 118-25. [Medline]
Details >> Resume (4)
Optimization of cytochrome p450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotype assignment using a genotyping algorithm based on allele frequency data. Gaedigk R, Gotschall R, Forbes N, Simon S, Kearns G, Leeder J. Pharmacogenetics 1999: 9(6); 669-682. [Medline]
Creatinine excretion rates for renal clearance studies. Hellerstein S, Simon SD, Berenbom M, Erwin P, Nickell E. Pediatr Nephrol 2001: 16(8); 637-43. [Medline] [Abstract]
Pulmonary reactivity to vanadium pentoxide following subchronic inhalation exposure in a non-human primate animal model. Knecht EA, Moorman WJ, Clark JC, Hull RD, Biagini RE, Lynch DW, Boyle TJ, Simon SD. J Appl Toxicol 1992: 12(6); 427-34. [Medline]
Understanding the odds ratio and the relative risk. Simon SD. J Androl 2001: 22(4); 533-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Example (3)
Systematic 5 region prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate. Eskew LA, Bare RL, McCullough DL. J Urol 1997: 157(1); 199-202; discussion 202-3. [Medline]
Differences in diagnostic criteria for gastric carcinoma between Japanese and western pathologists. Schlemper RJ, Itabashi M, Kato Y, Lewin KJ, Riddell RH, Shimoda T, Sipponen P, Stolte M, Watanabe H, Takahashi H, Fujita R. Lancet 1997: 349(9067); 1725-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Is This Child Dehydrated? Steiner MJ, MD, DeWalt DA, MD, MPH, Byerley JS, MD, MPH. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004: 291(22); 2746-54. [Medline] [Abstract]
Diagnostic >> Examples (1)
Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence. Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J. Health Technology Assessment 1997: 1(12); 1-62. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Guidelines (2)
Toward a checklist for reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy of medical tests. Bruns DE, Huth EJ, Magid E, Young DS. Clinical Chemistry 2000: 46(7); 893-5. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Deeks JJ. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7305); 157-62. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Guidelines >> Screening (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Barratt A, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Cumming RG, Raffle A, Hicks N, Gray JA, Guyatt GH. Jama 1999: 281(21); 2029-34. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Likelihood Ratio (1)
Signs and Symptoms Predict Thyroid Disease. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-09-08. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band46/b46-5.html
Diagnostic >> Likelihood Ratio >> Example (7)
Measurement of markers of tobacco smoking in patients with coronary heart disease. Archbold GP, Cupples ME, McKnight A, Linton T. Ann Clin Biochem 1995: 32 (Pt 2); 201-7. [Medline]
Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults? Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Jama 1997: 277(21); 1712-9. [Medline]
Predictive ability of a predischarge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns. Bhutani VK, Johnson L, Sivieri EM. Pediatrics 1999: 103(1); 6-14. [Medline] [Abstract]
The diagnostic accuracy of cervico-vaginal fetal fibronectin in predicting preterm delivery: an overview. Chien PF, Khan KS, Ogston S, Owen P. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997: 104(4); 436-44. [Medline]
Does this patient have carpal tunnel syndrome? D'Arcy CA, McGee S. Jama 2000: 283(23); 3110-7. [Medline] [Abstract]
Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. J Gen Intern Med 1992: 7(2); 145-53. [Medline]
Use of Metabolic Markers To Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Ann Intern Med 2003: 139(10); 802 -809. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Meta-analysis (3)
Simpson's paradox and calculation of number needed to treat from meta-analysis. Cates CJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 1. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Reporting of measures of accuracy in systematic reviews of diagnostic literature. Honest H, Khan KS. BMC Health Serv Res 2002: 2(1); 4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Pooling data for number needed to treat: no problems for apples. Moore RA, Gavaghan DJ, Edwards JE, Wiffen P, McQuay HJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 2. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Overview (2)
Linking Evidence-Based Medicine Therapeutic Summary Measures to Clinical Decision Analysis. Djulbegovic B, Hozo I, Lyman GH, Published in Medscape General Medicine (2000), Vol. 2, No. 1. Accessed on 2005-01-03. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/403613
Diagnostic accuracy in cytopathology. Raab SS. Diagn Cytopathol 1994: 10(1); 68-75. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Pre-test Probability (2)
Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions: a meta-analysis. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ. Thorax 1999: 54(10); 884-93. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Tests for Helicobacter pylori infection: a critical appraisal from primary care. Roberts AP, Childs SM, Rubin G, de Wit NJ. Fam Pract 2000: 17 Suppl 2; S12-20. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Resources (1)
Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. Deville WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, De Vet HC, Van Der Windt DA, Bezemer P. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> ROC curve >> Resources (1)
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Literature Research. Zou KH, Harvard Medical School. Accessed on 2003-09-08. splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000/pages/ppl/zou/roc.html
Diagnostic >> Screening (2)
Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Olsen O, Gotzsche PC. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: (4); CD001877. [Medline]
Women need better information about routine mammography. Thornton H, Edwards A, Baum M. Bmj 2003: 327(7406); 101-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Screening >> Example (7)
Percentage of free prostate-specific antigen in sera predicts aggressiveness of prostate cancer a decade before diagnosis. Carter HB, Partin AW, Luderer AA, Metter EJ, Landis P, Chan DW, Fozard JL, Pearson JD. Urology 1997: 49(3); 379-84. [Medline]
Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable? [Commentary: a compilation of comments RE:Assessment of nationwide cancer-screening programmes]. Gotzsche P, Olsen O. The Lancet 2000: 355(9198); 129-34. [Medline]
Protective effect of faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer: worse prognosis for screening refusers. Niv Y, Lev-El M, Fraser G, Abuksis G, Tamir A. Gut 2002: 50(1); 33-37. [Medline] [Abstract]
Neuroblastoma Screening at One Year of Age. Schilling FH, Spix C, Berthold F, Erttmann R, Fehse N, Hero B, Klein G, Sander J, Schwarz K, Treuner J, Zorn U, Michaelis J. N Engl J Med 2002: 346(14); 1047-1053. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult. Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Kewenter J, Weller D, Silagy C. Bmj 1998: 317(7158); 559-65. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Can the initial clinical assessment of thyroid function be improved? White GH, Walmsley RN. Lancet 1978: 2(8096); 933-5. [Medline]
Review: 4 clinical tests most accurately predict poor outcome in patients with anoxic-ischemic coma. Zandbergen E. ACP Journal Club 1999: 131(1); 22.
Diagnostic >> Sn Sp >> Example (1)
The predictive value of diagonal ear-lobe crease sign. Motamed M, Pelekoudas N. Int J Clin Pract 1998: 52(5); 305-6. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Sn Sp >> Stability (1)
Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Deeks JJ. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7305); 157-62. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Spectrum Bias (2)
Specificity of MR angiography as a confirmatory test of carotid artery stenosis. Kallmes DF, Omary RA, Dix JE, Evans AJ, Hillman BJ. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996: 17(8); 1501-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS. Ann Intern Med 1992: 117(2); 135-40. [Medline]
Epidemiology >> Resources (3)
Epidemiology Kept Simple An Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Gerstman BB (1998) New York: Wiley-Liss.
Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson DW (1996) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Epidemiology faces its limits. Taubes G. Science 1995: 269(5221); 164-9. [Medline] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustment (33)
Are sex and death related? Study failed to adjust for an important confounder [letter; comment]. Batty D. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7145); 1671; discussion 1672. [Full text]
Choosing covariates in the analysis of clinical trials. Beach ML, Meier P. Controlled Clinical Trials 1989: 10(4 Suppl); 161S-175S. [Medline]
Suspended judgment. Significance tests of covariate imbalance in clinical trials. Begg CB. Control Clin Trials 1990: 11(4); 223-5. [Medline]
Conditions for confounding of the risk ratio and of the odds ratio. Boivin JF, Wacholder S. American Journal Epidemiology 1985: 121(1); 152-8. [Medline]
Maternal smoking and Down syndrome: the confounding effect of maternal age. Chen CL, Gilbert TJ, Daling JR. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 442-6.
Look before You Leap: Stratify before You Standardize. Choi BCK. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999: 149(12); 1087-1095.
Characteristics of good causation studies. Daya S. Semin Reprod Med 2003: 21(1); 73-84. [Medline]
A summary statistic for measuring change from baseline. Donahue RM. J Biopharm Stat 1997: 7(2); 287-99. [Medline]
Sexual intercourse and risk of ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease: the Caerphilly study. Ebrahim S, May M, Ben Shlomo Y, McCarron P, Frankel S, Yarnell J, Davey Smith G. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002: 56(2); 99-102. [Medline]
Presenting statistical uncertainty in trends and dose-response relations. Greenland S, Michels K, Robins J, Poole C, Willett W. AJE 1999: 149(12); 1077-86.
Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding. Greenland S, Robins JM. Int J Epidemiol 1986: 15(3); 413-9.
Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Hassan MA, Killick SR. Fertil Steril 2003: 79 Suppl 3; 2-9. [Medline]
Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Confounding Evaluation: An Application to Birth Defects Epidemiology. Hernán MA, Sonia Hernández-Díaz2, Martha M. Werler2 and Allen A. Mitchell2. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(2); 176-184.
Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, McGee DL. Epidemiology 1997: 8(6); 621-8.
The impact of covariate imbalance on the size of the logrank test in randomized clinical trials. Kinukawa N, Nakamura T, Akazawa K, Nose Y. Stat Med 2000: 19(15); 1955-67. [Medline]
META-ANALYSIS Dose-specific Meta-Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis of the Relation between Alcohol Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk. Korte JE, Brennan P, Henley SJ, Boffetta P. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(6); 496-506.
How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. Am J Psychiatry 2001: 158(6); 848-56. [Medline]
Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Kraemer HC, Wilson GT, Fairburn CG, Agras WS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002: 59(10); 877-83. [Medline]
What random assignment does and does not do. Krause MS, Howard KI. J Clin Psychol 2003: 59(7); 751-66. [Medline]
Properties of simple randomization in clinical trials. Lachin JM. Control Clin Trials 1988: 9(4); 312-26. [Medline]
Statistical properties of randomization in clinical trials. Lachin JM. Control Clin Trials 1988: 9(4); 289-311. [Medline]
Assessing non-consent bias with parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. Marcus SM. J Clin Epidemiol 1997: 50(7); 823-8. [Medline]
Covariate imbalance and conditional size: dependence on model-based adjustments. Maxwell SE. Stat Med 1993: 12(2); 101-9. [Medline]
Testing for imbalance of covariates in controlled experiments. Permutt T. Stat Med 1990: 9(12); 1455-62. [Medline]
Baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. Roberts C, Torgerson D. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7203); 185. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology. Salas M, Hofman A, Stricker B. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999: 149(11); 981-3.
Covariate imbalance and random allocation in clinical trials. Senn SJ. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 467-75. [Medline]
Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7123); 1641-1644. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction: Should we adjust for baseline characteristics? Steyerberg EW, Bossuyt PMM, Lee KL. American Heart Journal 2000: 139(5); 745-751.
Research Methods: Why Covariance? A Rationale for Using Analysis of Covariance Procedures in Randomized Studies. Taylor MJ. Journal of Early Intervention 1993: 17(4); 455-466.
Patient volume, staffing, and workload in relation to risk-adjusted outcomes in a random stratified sample of UK neonatal intensive care units: a prospective evaluation. Tucker J, UK Neonatal Staffing Study Group. Lancet 2002: 359; 99-107. [Medline]
The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study. Vickers AJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2001: 1(1); 6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A comparison of direct adjustment and regression adjustment of epidemiologic measures. Wilcosky TC, Chambless LE. J Chronic Dis 1985: 38(10); 849-56.
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustment >> Measurement Errors (1)
When measurement errors correlate with truth: surprising effects of nondifferential misclassification. Wacholder S. Epidemiology 1995: 6(2); 157-61. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustments >> Residual Confounding (2)
Risk of adverse birth outcomes in populations living near landfill sites. Elliott P, Briggs D, Morris S, de Hoogh C, Hurt C, Jensen TK, Maitland I, Richardson S, Wakefield J, Jarup L. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7309); 363-8.
Is Residual Confounding a Reasonable Explanation for the Apparent Protective Effects of Beta-carotene Found in Epidemiologic Studies of Lung Cancer in Smokers? Stram DO, Huberman M, Wu AH. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(7); 622-628.
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control (31)
Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB. New England Journal of Medicine 1999: 340(18); 1377-82. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985: 122(5); 904-14.
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Reye's syndrome. Casteels-Van Daele M, Van Geet C, Wouters C, Eggermont E. Lancet 2001: 358(9278); 334. [Medline]
A nested case-control study of the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer: research design. Concato J, Peduzzi P, Kamina A, Horwitz RI. J Clin Epidemiol 2001: 54(6); 558-64. [Medline]
A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data: Application to Cancer of the Lung, Breast and Cervix. Cornfield J. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1951: 11; 1423-4.
Choosing cases and controls: the clinical epidemiology of "clinical investigation". Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. J Clin Invest 1988: 81(1); 1-5. [Medline]
On choosing the control group in case-control studies. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1983: 36(4); 311-3. [Medline]
An analysis of Berkson's bias in case-control studies. Feinstein AR, Walter SD, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1986: 39(7); 495-504. [Medline]
The case-control study. A practical review for the clinician. Hayden GF, Kramer MS, Horwitz RI. Jama 1982: 247(3); 326-31. [Medline]
Analysis of clinical susceptibility bias in case-control studies. Analysis as illustrated by the menopausal syndrome and the risk of endometrial cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1979: 139(10); 1111-3. [Medline]
Community surveillance bias and the estrogen-endometrial cancer dispute. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. CA Cancer J Clin 1979: 29(4); 252-6. [Medline]
Experimental trials and case-control studies in the analysis of causality. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Pathol Res Pract 1982: 174(3); 198-220. [Medline]
Methodologic standards and contradictory results in case-control research. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Am J Med 1979: 66(4); 556-64. [Medline]
The problem of "protopathic bias" in case-control studies. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Am J Med 1980: 68(2); 255-8. [Medline]
Case-control research. Temporal precedence and other problems of the exposure-disease relationship. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Harvey MR. Arch Intern Med 1984: 144(6); 1257-9. [Medline]
Alternative data sources and discrepant results in case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Stremlau JR. Am J Epidemiol 1980: 111(4); 389-94. [Medline]
Clinical complexity and epidemiologic uncertainty in case-control research. Fenoterol and asthma management. Horwitz RI, Spitzer W, Buist S, Cockcroft D, Ernst P, Habbick B, Hemmelgarn B, McNutt M, Rebuck AS, Suissa S. Chest 1991: 100(6); 1586-91. [Medline]
Scientific standards and the design of case-control research. Imperiale TF, Horwitz RI. Biomed Pharmacother 1989: 43(3); 187-96. [Medline]
Testicular cancer risk in relation to use of disposable nappies. Moller H. Arch Dis Child 2002: 86(1); 28-9. [Medline]
Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7183); 559-62.
The disappearance of Reye's syndrome--a public health triumph. Monto AS. N Engl J Med 1999: 340(18); 1423-4. [Medline]
Hospital controls versus community controls: differences in inferences regarding risk factors for hip fracture. Moritz DJ, Kelsey JL, Grisso JA. Am J Epidemiol 1997: 145(7); 653-60.
Sources of error [pdf]. Schoenbach VJ, Schildkraut J, Rosamond W, Published on epidemiolog.net May 5, 2001 and revised March 20, 2004. Accessed on 2004-www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/SourcesofError.pdf
Case-control studies: research in reverse. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 431-434. [PDF]
Sources of Bias in Studies among Infertility Clients. Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde E, Weber R, van Kooij R, Heederik D. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002: 156(1); 86-92.
Design issues in case-control studies. Wacholder S. Stat Methods Med Res 1995: 4(4); 293-309. [Medline]
Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles. Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1019-28.
Selection of controls in case-control studies. II. Types of controls. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1029-41.
Selection of controls in case-control studies. III. Design options. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1042-50.
Are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome different at night? Williams SM, Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ. Arch Dis Child 2002: 87(4); 274-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Example (1)
Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a case-control study. Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Narod SA, Brunet JS, Ghadirian P, Robson M, Heimdal K, Neuhausen SL, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Lerman C, Pasini B, de los Rios P, Weber B, Lynch H. Lancet 2000: 356(9245); 1876-81.
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Neyman bias (1)
Breast carcinomas arising in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: are they prognostically different? Phillips KA, Andrulis IL, Goodwin PJ. J Clin Oncol 1999: 17(11); 3653-63. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Weaknesses (3)
Dietary fat and breast cancer risks. An epidemiologic perspective. Howe GR. Cancer 1994: 74(3 Suppl); 1078-84.
A collection of 56 topics with contradictory results in case-control research. Mayes LC, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Int J Epidemiol 1988: 17(3); 680-5. [Medline]
Case-control study, meta-analysis, and bouillabaisse: putting the calcium antagonist scare into context. Messerli FH. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123(11); 888-9. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Studies (3)
Case studies, single-subject research, and N of 1 randomized trials: comparisons and contrasts. Backman CL, Harris SR. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999: 78(2); 170-6. [Medline]
The value of single-case research. Millard SK. Int J Lang Commun Disord 1998: 33 Suppl; 370-3. [Medline]
Single case research in mental health. Ricketts T. Nurs Times 1998: 94(23); 52-5. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case-Control >> Weaknesses (1)
Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women. Bryant HE, Visser N, Love EJ. American Journal of Public Health 1989: 79(1); 78-80. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Casecontrol >> Example (1)
Tongue lesions in psoriasis: a controlled study. Daneshpazhooh M, Moslehi H, Akhyani M, Etesami M. BMC Dermatol 2004: 4(1); 16. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster (2)
Extending the CONSORT statement to cluster randomized trials: for discussion. Elbourne DR, Campbell MK. Stat Med 2001: 20(3); 489-96. [Medline]
The intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomisation. Kerry SM, Bland JM. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7142); 1455.
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster >> Example (2)
Preventing injuries in children: cluster randomised controlled trials in primary care. Kendrick D, Marsh P, Fielding K, Miller P. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7189); 980-83. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effect of community based management in failure to thrive: randomised controlled trial. Wright CM, Callum J, Birks E, Jarvis S. Bmj 1998: 317(7158); 571-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster randomization (2)
Planning for the appropriate analysis in school-based drug-use prevention studies. Murray D, Hannan P. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990: 58(4); 458-68.
Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. Steptoe A, Doherty S, Rink E, Kerry S, Kendrick T, Hilton S. Bmj 1999: 319(7215); 943-7; discussion 947-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cohort (1)
Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study. Will JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 540-6.
Evidence >> Apples >> Cohort >> Example (1)
Male Pattern Baldness and Coronary Heart Disease. Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000: 160(2); 165-171.
Evidence >> Apples >> Comparison of Randomized and Observational (1)
Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Ioannidis JP, Haidich AB, Pappa M, Pantazis N, Kokori SI, Tektonidou MG, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Lau J. Jama 2001: 286(7); 821-30.
Evidence >> Apples >> Concealed (1)
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Concealed Allocation (4)
Statistics notes: Concealing treatment allocation in randomised trials. Altman DG, Schulz KF. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7310); 446-7.
Empirical evidence of bias dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Schulz K, Chalmers I, Hayes R, Altman D. JAMA 1995: 273(5); 408-12. [Medline]
Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 614-618. [Medline] [Abstract]
Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance not choice. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 515-519.
Evidence >> Apples >> Control Group (3)
Chapter 7: The Rise of the Flow Theorists and the Fall of Science. Buchal J. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.buchal.com/tgsh/chap7/c7fn.htm
Statistical Humor. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.uwo.ca/epidem/Consulting_Services/bsuhum.htm
Evidence-based dentistry: What is it, and what does it have to do with practice? I. Anecdote vs Data? Case for Evidence-based Decision Making. Robbins JW, Neilson P, Grace M, Newman MG, Niederman R. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.quintpub.com/news.php3?current_id=7
Evidence >> Apples >> Covariate Adjustment (1)
Risk-adjusted surgical outcomes. Daley J, Henderson WG, Khuri SF. Annu Rev Med 2001: 52; 275-87.
Evidence >> Apples >> Covariate Imbalance (17)
Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7176); 96-100. [Medline]
Uresolved Health Issues. Blackburn RD, Cunkelman JA, Zlidar VM. Accessed on 2003-10-06. www.infoforhealth.org/pr/a9/a9chap5.shtml
Low-weight neonatal survival paradox in the Czech Republic. Carlson E, Hoem JM. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 447-53.
Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith H, Jr. N Engl J Med 1983: 309(22); 1358-61. [Medline]
Severity of comorbidity, not type of surgery, affects outcome of prostatectomy. Concato J, Elmore JG, Horwitz RI, Schiff SF, Feinstein AR. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1990: 103; 90-5. [Medline]
Problems of comorbidity in mortality after prostatectomy. Concato J, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Elmore JG, Schiff SF. Jama 1992: 267(8); 1077-82. [Medline]
Differences between women and men in survival after myocardial infarction. Biology or methodology? Fiebach NH, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. Jama 1990: 263(8); 1092-6. [Medline]
Clinical auscultation skills in pediatric residents. Gaskin PR, Owens SE, Talner NS, Sanders SP, Li JS. Pediatrics 2000: 105(6); 1184-7. [Medline]
Confounding in health research. Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Annu Rev Public Health 2001: 22; 189-212.
Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1985: 145(10); 1873-5. [Medline]
Detection bias in endometrial cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Robboy SJ. Lancet 1982: 1(8264); 164. [Medline]
The role of susceptibility bias in epidemiologic research. Horwitz RI, McFarlane MJ, Brennan TA, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1985: 145(5); 909-12. [Medline]
Broken Brains or Flawed Studies? A Critical Review of ADHD Neuroimaging Research. Leo J. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 2003: 24(1); 29-56. [PDF]
Truths about the NINDS study: setting the record straight. Mann J. West J Med 2002: 176(3); 192-194. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Detection bias and relation of benign breast disease to breast cancer. Silber AL, Horwitz RI. Lancet 1986: 1(8482); 638-40. [Medline]
Oral contraception and health. Skegg DC. Bmj 1999: 318(7176); 69-70. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Crude rates, without standardisation for age, are always misleading. Tunstall-Pedoe H. BMJ 1998: 317(7156); 475b-. [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cross-sectional (1)
Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Mann CJ. Emerg Med J 2003: 20(1); 54-60. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cross-sectional >> Example (2)
Socioeconomic disparities in intimate partner violence against Native American women: a cross-sectional study. Malcoe LH, Duran BM, Montgomery JM. BMC Med 2004: 2(1); 20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Crossover >> Advantages (1)
The case for cross-over trials in phase III. Jones B. Statistics in Medicine 1995: 14(9-10); 1025-38.
Evidence >> Apples >> Crossover >> Example (1)
Randomised crossover trial comparing the performance of Clinical Terms Version 3 and Read Codes 5 byte set coding schemes in general practice. Brown PJ, Warmington V, Laurence M, Prevost AT. Bmj 2003: 326(7399); 1127. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic (5)
Modeling treatment effects on binary outcomes with grouped-treatment variables and individual covariates. Johnston SC, Henneman T, McCulloch CE, van der Laan M. Am J Epidemiol 2002: 156(8); 753-60. [Medline]
The Semi-individual Study in Air Pollution Epidemiology: A Valid Design as Compared to Ecologic Studies. Kunzli N, Tager IB. Environmental Health Perspectives 1997: 105(10); 1078-1083.
Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Morgenstern H. Annu Rev Public Health 1995: 16; 61-81.
Medicine and the Media: Did Monica really say that? Tunstall-Pedoe H. British Medical Journal 1998: 317; 1023. [Full text]
Ecological study for reasons for sharp decline in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Poland since 1991. Zatonski W, McMichael A, Powles J. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7137); 1047-1051. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic >> Weaknesses (1)
Dietary fat and breast cancer risks. An epidemiologic perspective. Howe GR. Cancer 1994: 74(3 Suppl); 1078-84.
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic Data (1)
Data Levels and Measurement. Garson GD, North Carolina State University. Accessed on 2003-11-19. www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/datalevl.htm
Evidence >> Apples >> Example (7)
The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. NEJM 1994: 330(15); 1029-35. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Influence of maternal age at delivery and birth order on risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood: prospective population based family study. Bart's-Oxford Family Study Group. Bingley PJ, Douek IF, Rogers CA, Gale EA. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7258); 420-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer. Galton SF. Fortnightly Review 1872: 12; 125-135. [Full text] [PDF]
Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, La Motte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. N Engl J Med 1996: 334(18); 1145-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Jr., Valanis B, Williams JH, Jr., Barnhart S, Cherniack MG, Brodkin CA, Hammar S. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1996: 88(21); 1550-9. [Medline]
Observational Studies. Rosenbaum P (1995) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Comparison of maternal and infant outcomes between vacuum extraction and forceps deliveries. Wen SW, Liu S, Kramer MS, Marcoux S, Ohlsson A, Sauve R, Liston R. Am J Epidemiol 2001: 153(2); 103-7. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Apples >> General (1)
Data Companion - Types of Research Studies. Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.komen.org/bci/abc/dc/dc_studies.asp
Evidence >> Apples >> Haphazard assignment (1)
Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Ronning OM, Guldvog B. Stroke 1999: 30(10); 2033-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Hierarchy (3)
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1887-1892. [Medline]
"The 60-Minutes-Myocardial Infarction Project": Comparison with a Registry and a Randomized Clinical Trial. Koch A, Hörmann A, Löwel H, Senges J, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/koch.htm
Are randomized control trial outcomes influenced by the inclusion of a placebo group? a systematic review of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug trials for arthritis treatment. Rochon PA, Binns MA, Litner JA, Litner GM, Fischbach MS, Eisenberg D, Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Chalmers TC. J Clin Epidemiol 1999: 52(2); 113-22. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Historical Controls (5)
The Paired Availability Design: An Update. Baker SG, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/baker.htm
Impact of Cost Reduction Programs on Short-Term Patient Outcome and Hospital Cost of Total Knee Arthroplasty. Healy WL, Iorio R, Ko J, Appleby D, Lemos DW. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002: 84(3); 348-353. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A Challenge for HD Researchers. Pidock K, Huntington's Disease Advocacy Center. Accessed on 2003-06-20. www.hdac.org/features/article.php?p_articleNumber=32
The way forward for clinical research. Rawlins SM, Published by Pharmafocus on June 2, 2003. Accessed on 2005-2-22. http://www.pharmafocus.com/cda/focusH/1,2109,22-0-0-0-focus_feature_detail-0-75778,00.html
Randomized versus historical controls for clinical trials. Sacks H, Chalmers T, Smith HJ. Am J Med 1982: 72(2); 233-40. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Historical Controls >> Example (1)
Evaluation of the performance and clinical impact of a rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in conjunction with preoperative imaging and concise parathyroidectomy. Johnson LR, Doherty G, Lairmore T, Moley JF, Brunt LM, Koenig J, Scott MG. Clin Chem 2001: 47(5); 919-25. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Historical controls >> Paired availability design (1)
The paired availability design for historical controls. Baker SG, Lindeman KS, Kramer BS. BMC Med Res Methodol 2001: 1(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Leaky Groups (7)
Misclassification of exposure: coffee as a surrogate for caffeine intake. Brown J, Kreiger N, Darlington GA, Sloan M. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001: 153(8); 815-20. [Medline] [Abstract]
Effects of Exposure Uncertainties in the TSCE Model and Application to the Colorado Miners Data. Heidenreich WF, Luebeck EG, Moolgavkar SH. Radiant Res 2004: 161(1); 72-81. [Medline]
The distribution of nutrient intake within families. Nelson M. Br J Nutr 1986: 55(2); 267-77. [Medline]
Misclassification of smoking status and lung cancer risk from environmental tobacco smoke in never-smokers. Nyberg F, Isaksson I, Harris JR, Pershagen G. Epidemiology 1997: 8(3); 304-9.
Historical Pesticide Exposure in California Using Pesticide Use Reports and Land-Use Surveys: An Assessment of Misclassificaion Error and Bias. Rull R, Ritz B. Environ Health Perspect 2003: 111(13); 1582-1589. [Medline]
Epidemiology of silicone-related disease. Swan SH. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994: 24(1 Suppl 1); 38-43. [Medline]
Design and Interpretation of Studies of Differential Exposure Measurement Error. White E, MD. Am J Epidemiol 2003: 157(5); 380-7. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Matching (8)
Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study. Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Bmj 1999: 319(7218); 1157-62. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. Drew S, Davies E. Bmj 2001: 322(7278); 73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Hypothesis: Comparisons of inter- and intra-individual variations can substitute for twin studies in drug research. Kalow W, Tang BK, Endrenyi L. Pharmacogenetics 1998: 8(4); 283-289.
Clinical Trials and Rare Diseases - Editorial. Lagakos SWP. New England Journal of Med 2003: 348(24); 2455-56.
Removal of radiation dose response effects: an example of over-matching. Marsh JL, Hutton JL, Binks K. Bmj 2002: 325(7359); 327-30. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study. Matte TD, Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Susser E. BMJ 2001: 323(7308); 310-314. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Paired versus Two-Sample Design for a Clinical Trial of Treatments with Dichotomous Outcome: Power Considerations. Wacholder S, Weinberg C. Biometrics 1982: 38(3); 801-812.
Matching in epidemiology as a paradigm for twin research on the Etiology of Disease. White C. Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae 1981: 30(1); 77-86.
Evidence >> Apples >> Matching >> Example (1)
Home versus hospital deliveries: follow up study of matched pairs for procedures and outcome. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Voegeli T, Gunter-Witt K, Kunz I, Zullig M, Schindler C, Maurer M, Team ZS. BMJ 1996: 313(7068); 1313-1318. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Matching >> Stratification (1)
Stratified randomization for clinical trials. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Makuch RW, Brass LM, Horwitz RI. J Clin Epidemiol 1999: 52(1); 19-26. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Matching>> (1)
Itraconazole to Prevent Fungal Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Gallin JI, MD, Alling DW, MD, Malech HL, MD, al e. N Engl J Med 2003: 348(24); 2416-22. [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Minimization (8)
Statistical considerations in infant nutrition trials. Gore SM. Lipids 1999: 34(2); 185-97. [Medline]
Minimization in crossover trials with non-prognostic strata: theory and practical application. Green H, McEntegart DJ, Byrom B, Ghani S, Shepherd S. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001: 26(2); 121-8. [Medline]
An easily customized, random allocation system using the minimization method for multi-institutional clinical trials. Kenjo Y, Antoku Y, Akazawa K, Hanada E, Kinukawa N, Nose Y. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2000: 62(1); 45-9. [Medline]
Sustained-Release Sodium Fluoride in the Treatment of the Elderly With Established Osteoporosis. Rubin CD, Pak CYC, Adams-Huet B, Genant HK, Li J, Rao DS. Archive Intern Med 2001: 161; 2325 - 2333. [Full text]
The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials. a review. Scott NW, McPherson GC, Ramsay CR, Campbell MK. Control Clin Trials 2002: 23(6); 662-74. [Medline]
Dynamic balanced randomization for clinical trials. Signorini DF, Leung O, Simes RJ, Beller E, Gebski VJ, Callaghan T. Stat Med 1993: 12(24); 2343-50. [Medline]
How many stratification factors are "too many" to use in a randomization plan? Therneau TM. Control Clin Trials 1993: 14(2); 98-108. [Medline]
Comparison of stratification and adaptive methods for treatment allocation in an acute stroke clinical trial. Weir CJ, Lees KR. Stat Med 2003: 22(5); 705-26. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational (21)
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. Benson K, Hartz AJ. New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1878-86. [Medline]
Invited commentary: Rare side effects of obstetric interventions: Are observational studies good enough? Buekens P. Am J Epidemiology 2001: 153(2); 108-9. [Medline]
Trends in mortality in older women: findings from the Nun Study. Butler SM, Snowdon DA. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1996: 51(4); S201-8. [Medline]
Data dredging, bias, or confounding. Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. BMJ 2002: 325(7378); 1437-1438. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluating Non-Randomised Intervention Studies. Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D'Amico R, Sowden AJ, Sakarovitch C, Song F, Petticrew M, Altman DG. Health Technol Assess 2003: 7(27); 1-173. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Systematic reviews and lifelong diseases. Elphick HE, Tan A, Ashby D, Smyth RL. Bmj 2002: 325(7360); 381-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Observational studies of cause-effect relationships: an analysis of methodologic problems as illustrated by the conflicting data for the role of oral contraceptives in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Esdaile JM, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1986: 39(10); 841-52. [Medline]
Double standards, scientific methods, and epidemiologic research. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. N Engl J Med 1982: 307(26); 1611-7. [Medline]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Research Fables from the Sisters Grinn, No. 1. The Hunch-test of Notre Dame.. Grace J, University of Rochester School of Nursing. Accessed on 2003-05-27. www.urmc.rochester.edu/SON/Fables/hunchbck.htm
Epidemiologic methods and methodologic vigilance. Horwitz RI, Ransohoff DF. J Gen Intern Med 1988: 3(3); 298-9. [Medline]
How Good Is the Evidence Linking Breastfeeding and Intelligence? Jain A, Concato J, Leventhal JM. Pediatrics 2002: 109(6); 1044-1053. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Observational studies of treatment effectiveness: some cautions. Laupacis A, Mamdani M. Ann Intern Med 2004: 140(11); 923-4. [Medline] [PDF]
Problems and approaches in investigating the role of micronutrients in the aetiology of cancer in humans. Little J. Br Med Bull 1999: 55(3); 600-18. [Medline]
Interpreting the evidence: choosing between randomised and non-randomised studies. McKee M, Britton A, Black N, McPherson K, Sanderson C, Bain C. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7205); 312-15. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
The Cochrane Lecture. The best and the enemy of the good: randomised controlled trials, uncertainty, and assessing the role of patient choice in medical decision making. McPherson K. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 1994: 48(1); 6-15. [Medline]
The arrogance of preventive medicine. Sackett DL. Cmaj 2002: 167(4); 363-4. [Medline]
Humility in observational studies. Shelton JD. Science 2002: 297(5590); 2208. [Medline]
Fat chance: diet and ischemic stroke [editorial; comment]. Sherwin R, Price TR. Jama 1997: 278(24); 2185-6. [Medline]
Smoking as "independent" risk factor for suicide: illustration of an artifact from observational epidemiology? Smith GD, Phillips AN, Neaton JD. Lancet 1992: 340(8821); 709-12.
Epidemiology faces its limits. Taubes G. Science 1995: 269(5221); 164-9. [Medline] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Case-Crossover (1)
Should We Use A Case-Crossover Design? Maclure M, Mittleman MA. Anuu Rev Public Health 2000: 21; 193-221. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Coherence (1)
A Nonparametric Test for Evaluating Coherent Alternatives in Nonrandomised Studies. Gefeller O, Pralle L, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/gefeller.htm
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Cohort (1)
Cohort studies: marching towards outcomes. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Lancet 2002: 359; 341-345. [Medline] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Comparison (1)
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1887-1892. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Establishing Causation (2)
Looking Back on "Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences". Kaufman JS, Poole C. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2000: 21; 101-119.
Causal Effects in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies Via Potential Outcomes: Concepts and Analytical Approaches. Little RJ, Rubin DB. Annu. Rev Public Health 2000: 21; 121-145. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Example (1)
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1491-1499. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Leaky groups (1)
The association between secondhand smoke and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes, among non-smokers, under the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors: The CARDIO2000 case-control study. Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Papaioannou I, Skoumas J, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. BMC Public Health 2002: 2(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Strengths (9)
Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care. Black N. British Medical Journal 1996: 312(7040); 1215-8. [Medline] [Full text]
Use of observational data, including surveillance studies, for evaluating AIDS therapies. Gail MH. Stat Med 1996: 15(21-22); 2273-88. [Medline]
The Analysis of Intervention Effects Using Observational Data Bases. Heuer C, Abel U, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/heuer.htm
Using databases to evaluate therapy. Hlatky MA. Stat Med 1991: 10(4); 647-52.
Developing improved observational methods for evaluating therapeutic effectiveness. Horwitz RI, Viscoli CM, Clemens JD, Sadock RT. Am J Med 1990: 89(5); 630-8. [Medline]
Using routine data to complement and enhance the results of randomised controlled trials. Lewsey JD, Leyland AH, Murray GD, Boddy FA. Health Technol Assess 2000: 4(22); 1-55. [Medline]
Using high quality clinical databases to complement the results of randomised controlled trials: the case of recombinant human activated protein C. Padkin A, Rowan K, Black N. Bmj 2001: 323(7318); 923-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Replicating Effects and Biases. Rosenbaum PR. The American Statistician 2001: 55(3); 223-227.
Evidence from case-control and cohort studies for adverse drug reaction: a case study of analgesic nephropathy. Zhang W-Y. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.biomedcentral.com/abstracts/cochrane/1/pc149/
Evidence >> Apples >> Observational >> Weaknesses (7)
The discrepancy between observational studies and randomized trials of menopausal hormone therapy: did expectations shape experience? Col NF, Pauker SG. Ann Intern Med 2003: 139(11); 923-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Beware Observational Studies in Neonatal Practice - Reply. Coleman MM, Leef KH, Tuttle D, Stefano JL, Paul D. Arch Pediatirc Adolescent Medicine 2003: 157(9);
Bias and causal associations in observational research. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Lancet 2002: 359; 248-252. [PDF]
Bias or biology: evaluating the epidemiologic studies of L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Horwitz RI, Daniels SR. J Rheumatol Suppl 1996: 46; 60-72. [Medline]
Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer--a pooled analysis. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson L, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Howe GR, et al. N Engl J Med 1996: 334(6); 356-61.
Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias? Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Shapiro S, Collet JP, Chalmers B, Hodnett E, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Vanilovich I. Pediatrics 2002: 110(2 Pt 1); 343-7. [Medline]
Beware Observational Studies in Neonatal Practice. Willoughby REJ. Arch Pediatirc Adolescent Medicine 2003: 157(9);
Evidence >> Apples >> Overview (1)
Study designs in medical research [pdf]. Thisted R. Accessed on 2003-06-20. galton.uchicago.edu/~thisted/courses/315/lectures/0297.pdf
Evidence >> Apples >> Pseudorandomization (2)
I know you're looking. Matthews R. New Scientist 1997: (2182); [Abstract]
Are you looking at me? - A mysterious sixth sense may be easier to spot than you think. Mullins J. New Scientist 1997: (2092);
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomizaiton >> Ethics (1)
Unethical trials of interventions to reduce perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in developing countries. Lurie P, Wolfe SM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(12); 853-6. [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization (35)
Comparability of randomised groups. Altman DG. The Statistician 1985: 34; 125-136.
Randomised controlled trials in psychiatry. Trials show that psychotherapy is effective for wide range of psychological conditions. Barker H. British Medical Journal 2000: 320(7228); 186. [Medline] [Full text]
Reflections on randomised controlled trials in surgery. Baum M. Lancet 1999: 353 Suppl 1; SI6-8. [Medline]
Advances in Clinical Trials in theTwentieth Century. Fisher LD. Annu Rev Public Health 1999: 20; 109-124. [Medline]
Discussion: Why Clinical Trials in the Evaluation of Life Style Evaluation? Knatterud GL, PhD. Control Clinical Trials 1997: 18(6); 514-516. [Medline]
Problems of Randomized Controlled Trails (RCT) in Surgery. Lefering R, Neugebauer E, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/lefering.htm
The Psychic Staring Effect: An Artifact of Pseudo Randomization. Marks DF, Colwell J. Skeptical Inquirer 2000: 24(5); 41-44 and 49.
Reference - controlled observational studies - a new tool for post marketing studies and for evaluation of preventive measures. Michaelis J, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/michaeli.htm
Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Omenn G, Goodman G, Thornquist M, Balmes J, Cullen M, Glass A, Keogh J, Meyskens F, Valanis B, Williams J, Barnhart S, Hammar S. The New England Journal of Medicine 1992: 334(18); 1150-1155.
Difficulties of Randomised Controlled Trials. Parliament HoLUK. Accessed on 2002-12-31. www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12323.htm
Issues to Consider When Designing RCTs for CAM Therapies. Parliament HoLUK. Accessed on 2002-12-23. www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12315.htm#a68
Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial. Pocock SJ, Simon R. Biometrics 1975: 31(1); 103-15.
Understanding controlled trials: Randomisation methods in controlled trials. Roberts C, Torgerson D. BMJ 1998: 317(7168); 1301-1310. [Full text] [PDF]
Randomised block design is more powerful than minimisation [letter]. Ross N. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7178); 263-4.
Estimation from nonrandomized treatment comparisons using subclassification on propensity scores. Rubin DB, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2005-01-12. www.symposion.com/nrccs/rubin.htm
Why randomized controlled trials fail but needn't: 1. Failure to gain "coal-face" committment and to use the uncertainty principle. Sackett D, Hoey J. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2000: 162(9); 1311-1314. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals. Schulz K, Chalmers I, Grimes D, Altman D. JAMA 1994: 272; 125 - 8.
Patients' preferences and randomised trials. Silverman WA, Altman DG. Lancet 1996: 347(8995); 171-4.
Casting and Drawing Lots. Silverman WA, Chalmers I. In: ed. Controlled Trials from History. By, I Chalmers, I. Milne, and U. Trohler. 2001; Vol.
Patient Heterogeneity in Clinical Trials. Simon R. Cancer Treatment Reports 1980: 64(2-3); 405-410.
Randomized controlled trials in surgery. Solomon MJ, Laxamana A, Devore L, McLeod RS. Surgery 1994: 115(6); 707-12. [Medline]
Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R. Jama 2002: 288(7); 835-40.
Effect of Sleep deprivation on surgeons' dexterity on laparoscopy simulator. Taffinder NJ, McManus I, Gul Y, Russell R, Darzi A. The Lancet 1998: 352(9135); 1191.
Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups. Taves DR. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1974: 15(5); 443-453.
Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial. Tonnesen H, Rosenberg J, Nielsen H, Rasmussen V, Hauge C, Pedersen I, Kehlet H. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7194); 1311-1316. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Use of unequal randomisation to aid the economic efficiency of clinical trials. Torgerson DJ, Campbell MK. BMJ 2000: 321; 759. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Minimisation is much better than the randomised block design in certain cases. Treasure T, MacRae K. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7195); 1420.
Minimisation: the platinum standard for trials? Randomisation doesn't guarantee similarity of groups; minimisation does [editorial] [see comments]. Treasure T, MacRae K. BMJ 1998: 317(7155); 362-63.
Can postmarketing surveillance studies (Anwendungsbeobachtungen) give meaningful answers to important questions? A critical discussion of 5 examples.. Wadepuhl M, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/wadepuhl.htm
Investigating Therapies of Potentially Great Benefit: ECMO. Ware JH. Statistical Science 1989: 4(4); 298-317.
Mammography and the politics of randomised controlled trials. Wells J. Bmj 1998: 317(7167); 1224-9. [Full text] [PDF]
The protective effect of auto-immune buccal urine therapy (AIBUT) against the Raynaud phenomenon. Wilson CW. Med Hypotheses 1984: 13(1); 99-107.
Randomised controlled trials in primary care: case study. Wilson S. British Medical Journal 2000: 321; 24-27. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomised controlled trial. Woelk H. Bmj 2000: 321(7260); 536-9.
Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. Yoshioka A. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1220-1223. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Advantages (5)
Statistics notes. Treatment allocation in controlled trials: why randomise? Altman DG, Bland JM. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7192); 1209. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Unbiased, relevant, and reliable assessments in health care. Chalmers I. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1167-68. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. JAMA 1998: 280(7); 605-613.
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. II: Surgical. Miller JN, Colditz GA, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 455-66. [Medline]
Why do we need randomised controlled trials to assess behavioural interventions? Stephenson J, Imrie J. Bmj 1998: 316(7131); 611-3. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Alternatives (1)
Informed consent: ethical, legal, and medical implications for doctors and patients who participate in randomised clinical trials. Peckham MJ, et al. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983: 286(6371); 1117-21. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Barriers (1)
Evaluating new surgical procedures. Russell I. Bmj 1995: 311(7015); 1243-4. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Cluster (4)
Selected statistical issues in group randomized trials. Feng Z, Diehr P, Peterson A, McLerran D. Annu Rev Public Health 2001: 22; 167-87.
On design considerations and randomization-based inference for community intervention trials. Gail MH, Mark SD, Carroll RJ, Green SB, Pee D. Stat Med 1996: 15(11); 1069-92. [Medline]
Implications of the results of community intervention trials. Sorensen G, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Johnston D. Annu Rev Public Health 1998: 19; 379-416. [Medline]
Contamination in trials: is cluster randomisation the answer? Torgerson DJ. BMJ 2001: 322(7282); 355-357. [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Concealed Allocation (5)
Comparing like with like: some historical milestones in the evolution of methods to create unbiased comparison groups in therapeutic experiments. Chalmers I. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 1156-64. [Medline]
Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith H, Jr. N Engl J Med 1983: 309(22); 1358-61. [Medline]
Amniotomy or oxytocin for induction of labor. Re-analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Keirse MJ. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988: 67(8); 731-5.
Subversion of Allocation in a Randomised Controlled Trial. Kennedy A, Grant A. Control Clinical Trials 1997: 18(suppl 3); S77-78.
The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials. Kunz R, Oxman AD. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1185-1190. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Constraints (2)
Unexpected difficulties in randomizing patients in a surgical trial: a prospective study comparing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with open cholecystectomy. Plaisier PW, Berger MY, van der Hul RL, Nijs HG, den Toom R, Terpstra OT, Bruining HA. World Journal of Surgery 1994: 18(5); 769-72; discussion 773. [Medline]
Surgical evaluation at the crossroads. Pollock AV. Br J Surg 1993: 80(8); 964-966.
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Critique (1)
Reinventing the wheel will not make it rounder: controlled trials of homeopathy reconsidered. Walach H. J Altern Complement Med 2003: 9(1); 7-13. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Difficulties (1)
The Future of Surgical Research. Weil RJ. Plos Med 2004: 1(1); e13. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Disadvantages (1)
Homeopathic treatment of chronic headache: a critique. Vithoulkas G. Homeopathy 2002: 91(1); 32-4. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Ethics (17)
Patient preferences and randomised clinical trials. Brewin CR, Bradley C. British Medical Journal 1989: 299(6694); 313-5. [Medline]
Randomisation and patient choice. Chalmers I, Chalmers TC. Lancet 1994: 344(8926); 892-3. [Medline]
Randomize the first patient. Chalmers TC. N Engl J Med 1977: 296(2); 107. [Medline]
Ethical issues in the design and conduct of randomised controlled trails. Edwards S, Lilford R, Braunholtz D, Jackson J, Hewison J, Thornton J, Health Technology Assessment. Accessed on 1998-www.ncchta.org/execsumm/summ215.htm
Ethical issues in the design and conduct of randomised controlled trails. Edwards S, Lilford RJ, Braunholtz D, Jackson J, Hewison J, Thornton J. Health Technology Assessment 1998: 2(15); 1-132.
The ethics of randomised controlled trials from the perspectives of patients, the public, and healthcare professionals. Edwards SJ, Lilford RJ, Hewison J. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1209-12. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Rationing, randomising, and researching in health care provision. Edwards SJL, Kirchin S. J Med Ethics 2002: 28(1); 20-23. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Random allocation or allocation at random? Patients' perspectives of participation in a randomised controlled trial. Featherstone K, Donovan JL. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1177-80. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The impact of patient preference on the design and interpretation of clinical trials. Feine JS, Awad MA, Lund JP. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998: 26(1); 70-4.
Medical ethics and controlled trials. Hill AB. British Medical Journal 1963: i; 1043-1049.
Effective clinical innovation: an ethical imperative. Horrobin D. Lancet 2002: 359(9320); 1857-1858. [Medline]
Ethics and evidence-based medicine. Kerridge I, Lowe M, Henry D. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7138); 1151-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
The "inclusion benefit" in clinical trials. Lantos JD. J Pediatr 1999: 134(2); 130-1. [Medline] [Full text]
Why not start with thalidomide? Loprinzi C, Rajkumar SV. J Clin Oncol 2003: 21(11); 2211-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Treatment at random: the ultimate science or the betrayal of Hippocrates? Retsas S. J Clin Oncol 2004: 22(24); 5005-8; discussion 5009-11. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Ethics and statistics in randomized clinical trials. Royall RM, Bartlett RH, Cornell RG, Byar DP, Dupont WD, Levine RJ, Lindley F, Simes RJ, Zelen M. Stat Sci 1991: 6(1); 52-88. [Medline]
A commentary on treatment at random: the ultimate science or the betrayal of hippocrates? Wieand S, Murphy K. J Clin Oncol 2004: 22(24); 5009-11. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Example (3)
Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer: The Rise and Demise of Beta-Carotene. Omenn GS. Annu. Rev. Public Health 1998: 19; 73-99. [Medline]
Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. New England Journal of Medical 1996: 334(18); 1150-5. [Medline]
Randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic versus open mesh repair for inguinal hernia: outcome and cost. Wellwood J, Sculpher MJ, Stoker D, Nicholls GJ, Geddes C, Whitehead A, Singh R, Spiegelhalter D. Bmj 1998: 317(7151); 103-10. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Guidelines (1)
Randomisation in clinical trials. Beller EM, Gebski V, Keech AC. Med J Aust 2002: 177(10); 565-7. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> History (1)
Controlled trials: the 1948 watershed. Doll R. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1217-20.
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Limitations (1)
Randomised trials in surgery: problems and possible solutions. McCulloch P, Taylor I, Sasako M, Lovett B, Griffin D. Bmj 2002: 324(7351); 1448-51. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Limits (1)
Experimental Study versus Non-Experimental Study: The Non-Experimental (Non-Randomized) Study as a Methodological Compromise. Dannehl K, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Translated by Christoph Trautner. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/dannehl.htm
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Megatrials (1)
Clinical trials. Simple megatrials are not sufficient. Barer D. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7191); 1138. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Pragmatic Trial (1)
Acupuncture for chronic headache in primary care: large, pragmatic, randomised trial. Vickers AJ, Rees RW, Zollman CE, McCarney R, Smith CM, Ellis N, Fisher P, Van Haselen R. Bmj 2004: 328(7442); 744. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Quality (1)
The role of prospective randomized clinical trials in pediatric surgery: state of the art? Moss RL, Henry MC, Dimmitt RA, Rangel S, Geraghty N, Skarsgard ED. J Pediatr Surg 2001: 36(8); 1182-6. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Reductionism (2)
Randomised controlled trials for homoeopathy. Feder G, Katz T. British Medical Journal 2002: 324(7336); 498-499. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluating complementary medicine: methodological challenges of randomised controlled trials. Mason S, Tovey P, Long AF. Bmj 2002: 325(7368); 832-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Sample Size (1)
Methodological Contributions to Clinical Research: Random Sampling, Randomization, and Equivalence of Contrasted Groups in Psychotherapy Outcome Research. Hsu LM. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989: 57(1); 131-137. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Subversion (1)
Randomization in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: a review for evidence of subversion. Bailar JC, 3rd, MacMahon B. Cmaj 1997: 156(2); 193-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Surgery (1)
Randomized controlled trials in surgery: Issues and problems. McLeod RS, Wright JG, Solomon MJ, Hu X, Walters BC, Lossing Al. Surgery 1996: 119(5); 483-6. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization >> Weaknesses (13)
The mythology of randomization. Abel U, Koch A, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/abel.htm
Problems of Randomized Trials. Feinstein AR, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/feinstein.htm
Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine". Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. Am J Med 1997: 103(6); 529-35. [Medline]
Randomized Controlled Trials: Evidence Biased Psychiatry. Healy D, Alliance for Human Research Protection. Accessed on 2003-10-01. www.researchprotection.org/COI/healy0802.html
The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: gold standard or golden calf? Kaptchuk TJ. J Clin Epidemiol 2001: 54(6); 541-9. [Medline]
The Di Bella multitherapy trial. Randomised controlled trials may not always be absolutely needed [letter]. Liberati A, Magrini N, Patoia L, Pagliaro L. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7190); 1073-4. [Medline] [Full text]
Are randomized controlled trials controlled? Patient preferences and unblind trials. McPherson K, Britton AR, Wennberg JE. J R Soc Med 1997: 90(12); 652-6.
Conventional versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the randomized controlled trial. Cholecystectomy Study Group. Neugebauer E, Troidl H, Spangenberger W, Dietrich A, Lefering R. Br J Surg 1991: 78(2); 150-4. [Medline]
Ethics, data-dependent designs, and the strategy of clinical trials: time to start learning-as-we-go? Palmer CR. Stat Methods Med Res 2002: 11(5); 381-402. [Medline]
Randomized Trials or Observational Tribulations? Pocock SJ, Elbourne DR. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1907-1909. [Medline] [Abstract]
Problems in the conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Are we getting the right answers to the wrong questions? Rabeneck L, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. Arch Intern Med 1992: 152(3); 507-12. [Medline]
Understanding controlled trials: What are pragmatic trials? Roland M, Torgerson DJ. BMJ 1998: 316(7127); 285-. [Full text]
Was the international randomized trial of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass representative of the population at risk? Sundt TM. N Engl J Med 1987: 316(13); 814-6. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization alternatives >> Adaptive (1)
Beyond randomization. Aickin M. J Altern Complement Med 2002: 8(6); 765-72. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization alternatives >> Adaptive randomization (1)
Sequential Treatment Allocation Using Biased Coin Designs. Smith RL. Royal Statistical Society 1984: 46(3); 519-543.
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization alternatives >> Alternating assignments (2)
Heparinized saline versus normal saline in maintaining patency of the radial artery catheter. Kulkarni M, Elsner C, Ouellet D, Zeldin R. Can J Surg 1994: 37(1); 37-42. [Medline]
Benefit of heparin in peripheral venous and arterial catheters: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Andrew M. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7136); 969-75. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization alternatives >> Patient preference trial (1)
Understanding controlled trials: What is a patient preference trial? Torgerson D, Sibbald B. BMJ 1998: 316(7128); 360. [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomization alternatives >> Zelen design (15)
The relative efficiency of Zelen's prerandomization design for clinical trials. Anbar D. Biometrics 1983: 39(3); 711-8. [Medline]
Prerandomization: an alternative to classic randomization. The effects on recruitment in a controlled trial of arthroscopy for osteoarthrosis of the knee. Chang RW, Falconer J, Stulberg SD, Arnold WJ, Dyer AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990: 72(10); 1451-5. [Medline]
Zelen randomisation. Gore SM. Lancet 1984: 2(8396); 226-7. [Medline]
Using the Zelen design in randomized controlled trials: debates and controversies. Homer CS. J Adv Nurs 2002: 38(2); 200-7. [Medline]
Advantages and drawbacks of the Zelen design for randomized clinical trials. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs 1980: 20(7); 425-7. [Medline]
Randomization and efficiency in Zelen's single-consent design. Matts J, McHugh R. Biometrics 1987: 43(4); 885-94. [Medline]
Understanding controlled trials: What is Zelen's design? Torgerson DJ, Roland M. BMJ 1998: 316(7131); 606. [Full text]
Alternatives to classic randomized trials. Zelen M. Surg Clin North Am 1981: 61(6); 1425-32. [Medline]
Innovations in the design of clinical trials in breast cancer. Zelen M. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1983: 3(2); 137-42. [Medline]
A new design for randomized clinical trials. Zelen M. N Engl J Med 1979: 300(22); 1242-5. [Medline]
The randomization and stratification of patients to clinical trials. Zelen M. J Chronic Dis 1974: 27(7-8); 365-75. [Medline]
Randomized consent designs for clinical trials: an update. Zelen M. Stat Med 1990: 9(6); 645-56. [Medline]
Statistical issues in the planning of prevention studies. Zelen M. Cancer Invest 1988: 6(5); 615-20. [Medline]
Statistical options in clinical trials. Zelen M. Semin Oncol 1977: 4(4); 441-6. [Medline]
Strategy and alternate randomized designs in cancer clinical trials. Zelen M. Cancer Treat Rep 1982: 66(5); 1095-100. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Randomized versus Observational (1)
Comparison of predictions based on observational data with the results of randomized controlled clinical trials of coronary artery bypass surgery. Hlatky M, Califf R, Harrell FJ, Lee K, Mark D, Pryor D. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988: 11(2); 237-45. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Reweighting (1)
Two Statistical Paradoxes in the Interpretation of Group Differences: Illustrated with Medical School Admission and Licensing data. Wainer H, Brown LM. The American Statistician 2004: 58(2); 117-23.
Evidence >> Apples >> Singlecase (1)
Single-case Reseach Designs for the Science and Practice of Neurotherapy. Blampied N, Barabasz A, Barabasz. M. Journal of Neurotherapy 1996: 1(4);
Evidence >> Apples >> Stratification >> Example (2)
How to evaluate and improve the quality and credibility of an outcomes database: validation and feedback study on the UK Cardiac Surgery Experience. Fine LG, Keogh BE, Cretin S, Orlando M, Gould MM. BMJ 2003: 326(7379); 25-28. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Workforce retention in rural and remote Australia: determining the factors that influence length of practice. Humphreys JS, Jones MP, Jones JA, Mara PR. Med J Aust 2002: 176(10); 472-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Vitamin C (21)
Clinical Evaluaation of Vitamin C and other Micronutrients in the Treatment of Cancer. Batist GM. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 2000: 15(4); 189-192.
Protocol for the use of vitamin C in the treatment of cancer. Cameron E. Med Hypotheses 1991: 36(3); 190-4. [Medline]
Innovation vs. quality control: an 'unpublishable' clinical trial of supplemental ascorbate in incurable cancer. Cameron E, Campbell A. Med Hypotheses 1991: 36(3); 185-9. [Medline]
The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. II. Clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic acid supplements in advanced human cancer. Cameron E, Campbell A. Chem Biol Interact 1974: 9(4); 285-315. [Medline]
Experimental studies designed to evaluate the management of patients with incurable cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978: 75(12); 6252. [Medline]
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976: 73(10); 3685-9. [Medline]
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: reevaluation of prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978: 75(9); 4538-42. [Medline]
Ascorbic acid and cancer: a review. Cameron E, Pauling L, Leibovitz B. Cancer Res 1979: 39(3); 663-81. [Medline]
Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. A controlled trial. Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, Schutt AJ, O'Connell MJ, Rubin J, Frytak S. New England Journal of Medical 1979: 301(13); 687-90. [Medline]
Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Head KA. Altern Med Rev 1998: 3(3); 174-86. [Medline]
Antiocidant Nutrients and Cancer. Hoffer A, MD, PhD, FRCP(C). Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 2000: 15(4); 193-200.
Vitamin C as Cancer Therapy: An Overview. Hoffer LJ, MD, PhD, Tamayo CM, Richardson MADP. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 2000: 15(4); 175-180.
Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, Lubin F, Marubini E, Modan B, Rohan T, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990: 82(7); 561-9.
Vitamin C and cancer: examination of the Vale of Leven trial results using broad inductive reasoning. Jaffey M. Med Hypotheses 1982: 8(1); 49-84. [Medline]
The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, Farkouh M, Yusuf S. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123(11); 860-72.
Vitamin C status and mortality in US adults. Loria CM, Klag MJ, Caulfield LE, Whelton PK. Am J Clin Nutr 2000: 72(1); 139-145. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel C. New England Journal of Medicine 1985: 312(3); 137-141. [Medline]
New insights into the physiology and pharmacology of vitamin C. Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Cmaj 2001: 164(3); 353-5. [Medline]
Reevaluation of ascorbate in cancer treatment: emerging evidence, open minds and serendipity. Padayatty SJ, Levine M. J Am Coll Nutr 2000: 19(4); 423-5. [Medline]
Clinical and Experimental Experiences with Intravenous Vitamin C. Riordan NHP-C, Riordan HDM, Casciari JP. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 2000: 15(4); 201-13.
Micronutrients, antioxidants and risk of cancer. Schorah CJ. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1995: (52); 92-107. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >>Comparison of Randomized and Observational (1)
Evidence from randomised trials on the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy. Beral V, Banks E, Reeves G. Lancet 2002: 360(9337); 942-4. [Medline]
Evidence >> Autism (21)
MMR and Autism - can a controversy be more one-sided? [pdf]. Allen ME. Accessed on 2003-01-15. www.healthwatch-uk.org/mmr.pdf
Measles-Mumps-Rubella immunisation, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: update. Amin J, Wong M. Accessed on 2003-01-03. www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/cdi/cdi2308/cdi2308e.htm
Even more on MMR. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-03-25. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band88/b88-2.html
Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Jama 2001: 285(9); 1183-5. [Medline]
Autism and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination: controversy laid to rest? DeStefano F, Chen RT. CNS Drugs 2001: 15(11); 831-7. [Medline]
Do children who become autistic consult more often after MMR vaccination? DeWilde S, Carey IM, Richards N, Hilton SR, Cook DG. Br J Gen Pract 2001: 51(464); 226-7. [Medline]
Measles vaccines: a review of adverse events. Duclos P, Ward BJ. Drug Saf 1998: 19(6); 435-54. [Medline]
MMR and autism: further evidence against a causal association. Farrington CP, Miller E, Taylor B. Vaccine 2001: 19(27); 3632-5. [Medline]
Learning diabilities information, support and other resources for UK patients. Greening S. Accessed on 2003-01-03. www.equip.nhs.uk/topics/neuro/learning.html
MMR vaccine and autism, revisited. Kallen RJ. Accessed on 2003-01-03. www.autism-biomed.org/mmr-rev.htm
MMR, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: responding to patient concerns using an evidence-based framework. MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB. Med J Aust 2001: 175(3); 127-8. [Medline]
Study Suggests Mercury in Vaccine was Not Harmful. McNeil DG, Jr. The New York Times 2002;
Frequently Asked Questions. Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism [pdf]. Medicine Io. Accessed on 2003-01-03. www.iom.edu/iom/iomhome.nsf/WFiles/FAQ-2pager/$file/FAQ-2pager.PDF
Serious adverse events after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination during a fourteen-year prospective follow-up. Patja A, Davidkin I, Kurki T, Kallio MJ, Valle M, Peltola H. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000: 19(12); 1127-34. [Medline]
Neurological adverse events associated with vaccination. Piyasirisilp S, Hemachudha T. Curr Opin Neurol 2002: 15(3); 333-8. [Medline]
FAQs (frequently asked questions) about MMR Vaccine & Autism (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella). Prevention CfDCa. Accessed on 2003-01-03. www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/autism-mmr.htm
Vaccination and autoimmunity-'vaccinosis': a dangerous liaison? Shoenfeld Y, Aron-Maor A. J Autoimmun 2000: 14(1); 1-10. [Medline]
Does measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism? Strauss B, Bigham M. Can Commun Dis Rep 2001: 27(8); 65-72. [Medline]
Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, Li J, Waight PA. Lancet 1999: 353(9169); 2026-9. [Medline]
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J. Bmj 2002: 324(7334); 393-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Anti-vaccinationists past and present. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Bmj 2002: 325(7361); 430-2. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Blinding >> Ethics (1)
Issues Regarding Blinded Randomized Studies in the NIH Intramural Research Program. Office of Human Subjects Research, National Institutes of Health. Accessed on 2004-02-06. ohsr.od.nih.gov/info/minfo_13.php3
Evidence >> CAM debate >> Con (1)
Unconventional therapies for cancer: a refuge from the rules of evidence? Tannock IF, Warr DG. Cmaj 1998: 159(7); 801-2. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> CAM debate >> Pro (3)
Unconventional therapies and cancer. Begin M, Kaegi E. Cmaj 1999: 161(6); 686-7. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Integrative medicine and systemic outcomes research: issues in the emergence of a new model for primary health care. Bell IR, Caspi O, Schwartz GE, Grant KL, Gaudet TW, Rychener D, Maizes V, Weil A. Arch Intern Med 2002: 162(2); 133-40. [Medline]
The arrogance of science and the pitfalls of hope. Hoey J. Cmaj 1998: 159(7); 803-4. [PDF]
Evidence >> Controversies (1)
Is Evidence-Based Medicine evidence-based? Bodenheimer T. Health Affairs 2005: 24(2); 562-563.
Evidence >> Corroboration (1)
evidence-based conclusions on the efficacy of a treatment - What can be learned from risk assessment?. Edler L, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/ledler.htm
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Bias (1)
Considering the opposite: a corrective strategy for social judgment. Lord CG, Lepper MR, Preston E. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984: 47(6); 1231-43.
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Causation (6)
How to read clinical journals: IV. To determine etiology or causation. [No authors listed]. Can Med Assoc J 1981: 124(8); 985-90. [Medline]
Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables [PDF]. Angrist J, Imbens G, Rubin D. Accessed on 2005-01-12. papers.nber.org/papers/t0136.pdf
HORMESIS: The Dose-Response Revolution. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2003: 43; 175-97. [Medline] [Abstract]
From Association to Causation: Some Remarks on the History of Statistics. Freedman D. Statistical Science 1999: 14(3); 243-258.
Subspeciality Care Use Rates: Reverse Causation and Generalizability Issues. Mayer M. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003: 157(10); 1032-1033.
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Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict (70)
Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: a reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Jama 2003: 290(7); 921-8. [Medline]
Is academic medicine for sale? Angell M. N Engl J Med 2000: 342(20); 1516-8. [Medline] [Full text]
Editorials and Conflicts of Interest. Angell M, Kassirer JP. N Engl J Med 1996: 335(14); 1055-1056. [Medline] [Full text]
Disclosure of Authors' Conflicts of Interest: A Follow-up. Angell M, Utiger R, Wood A. N Engl J Med 2000: 342; 586 - 587. [Medline] [Abstract]
Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP. Jama 2003: 289(4); 454-65. [Medline] [Abstract]
Influences on the quality of published drug studies. Bero LA, Rennie D. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996: 12(2); 209-37. [Medline]
A Vilified Corporate Partnership Produces Little Change (Except Better Facilities): Critics of the Berkeley-Novartis pact can't point to business intrusions, but fears persist. Blumenstyk G. The Chronicle of Higher Education [http://chronicle.com/money] 2001; 1 -12.
Uneasy alliance--clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. Bodenheimer T. N Engl J Med 2000: 342(20); 1539-44. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Assessing faculty financial relationships with industry: A case study. Boyd EA, Bero LA. Jama 2000: 284(17); 2209-14. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Financial Conflict-of-Interest Policies in Clinical Research: Issues for Clinical Investigators. Boyd EA, Cho MK, Bero LA. Acad Med 2003: 78(8); 769-74. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Doctors Without Borders. Why you can't trust medical journals anymore.. Brownlee S, Published in the April 2004 issue of Washington Monthly. Accessed on 2004-04-14. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0404.brownlee.html
Tobacco Industry Efforts to Defeat the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Indoor Air Quality Rule. Bryan-Jones K, Bero LA. Am J Public Health 2003: 93(4); 585-592. [Medline] [Abstract]
Conflict of interest and the American Journal of Bioethics. Carroll KA, McGee G. American Journal of Bioethics 2002: 2(3); 1-2. [Medline]
Policies on faculty conflicts of interest at US universities. Cho MK, Shohara R, Schissel A, Rennie D. Jama 2000: 284(17); 2203-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. Choudhry NK, Stelfox HT, Detsky AS. Jama 2002: 287(5); 612-7. [Medline] [PDF]
Funding source, trial outcome and reporting quality: are they related? Results of a pilot study. Clifford T, Barrowman N, Moher D. BMC Health Services Research 2002: 2(1); 18. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
What scientists funded by the tobacco industry believe about the hazards of cigarette smoking. Cummings KM, Sciandra R, Gingrass A, Davis R. Am J Public Health 1991: 81(7); 894-6.
Where's the bias? Davidoff F. Ann Intern Med 1997: 126(12); 986-8. [Medline] [Full text]
Sponsorship, Authorship and Accountability. Davidoff F, DeAngelis C, Drazen J, Hoey J, Hojgaard L, Horton R, Kotzin S, Nicholls M, Nylenna M. MJA 2001: 175(6); 294-296. [Full text]
Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. Davidson R. J Gen Intern Med 1986: 1; 155 - 158. [Medline]
Conflict of Interest and the Public Trust. DeAngelis C. JAMA 2000: 284; 2237 - 2238. [Medline]
Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine. Detsky AS. JAMA 2005: 293(10); 1271-.
Institutions, Contracts, and Academic Freedom. Drazen JM. N Engl J Med 2002: 347(17); 1362-1363. [Medline] [Abstract]
Financial Associations of Authors. Drazen JM, Curfman GD. N Engl J Med 2002: 346(24); 1901-1902. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Conflict of interest and the physician-researcher. Elks ML. J Lab Clin Med 1995: 126(1); 19-23. [Medline]
Unconventional cancer therapies: What we need is rigorous research, not closed minds. Ernst E. Chest 2000: 117(2); 307-8. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Avoiding conflicts of interest in drug research. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. N Engl J Med 1979: 301(18); 1009. [Medline]
Evaluation of conflict of interest in economic analyses of new drugs used in oncology. Friedberg M, Saffran B, Stinson T. JAMA 1999: 282; 1453 - 1457. [Medline]
New England Journal loosens its rules on conflict of interest. Gottlieb S. BMJ 2002: 324; 1474. [Full text] [PDF]
Reference bias in reports of drug trials. Gotzsche PC. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987: 295(6599); 654-6. [Medline]
When commitments and interests conflict. "There's probably no greater conflict of interest than an NIH grant". Hammerschmidt DE. J Lab Clin Med 1995: 126(1); 5-6. [Medline]
Declaring financial competing interests: survey of five general medical journals. Hussain A, Smith R. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7307); 263-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents. Jureidini JN, Doecke CJ, Mansfield PR, Haby MM, Menkes DB, Tonkin AL. Bmj 2004: 328(7444); 879-83. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
All Gifts Large and Small - Toward an understanding of the Ethics of Pharmaceutical Industry Gift-Giving. Katz D, Caplan AL, Merz JF. The American Journal of Bioethics 2003: 3(3); 39-46. [Medline]
Disclosure and Disinterest. Kennedy D. Science Magazine 2004: 303(5654); 15. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Print media coverage of research on passive smoking. Kennedy GE, Bero LA. Tobacco Control 1999: 8(3); 254-260. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bias in judgment: comparing individuals and groups. Kerr NL, MacCoun RJ, Kramer G. Psychol Rev 1996: 103; 687-719.
Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. Kjaergard L, Als-Nieslen B. BMJ 2002: 325; 249 - 252. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. Kjaergard LL, Als-Nielsen B. Bmj 2002: 325(7358); 249. [Medline]
Funding, disease area, and internal validity of hepatobiliary randomized clinical trials. Kjaergard LL, Gluud C. Am J Gastroenterol 2002: 97(11); 2708-13. [Medline]
Conflict of interest and cost-effectiveness analysis. Krimsky S. Jama 1999: 282(15); 1474-5. [Medline] [PDF]
Journal Policies on Conflict of Interest: If this Is the Therapy, What's the Disease? Krimsky S. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2001: 70; 155-117. [Medline] [PDF]
Academic-corporate ties in biotechnology: a quantitative study. Krimsky S, Ennis JG, Weissman R. Sci Technol Human Values 1991: 16(3); 275-87. [Medline]
Conflict of interest policies in science and medical journals: editorial practices and author disclosures. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS. Sci Eng Ethics 2001: 7(2); 205-18. [Medline]
Financial interest and its disclosure in scientific publications. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS. Jama 1998: 280(3); 225-6. [Medline]
Financial interests of authors in scientific journals: a pilot study of 14 publications. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS, Stott P, Kyle G. Sci Eng Ethics 1996: 2(4); 395-410. [Medline] [PDF]
Scientific journals and their authors' financial interests: a pilot study. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS, Stott P, Kyle G. Psychother Psychosom 1998: 67(4-5); 194-201. [Medline] [PDF]
When statistics provide unsatisfying answers: revisiting the breast self-examination controversy. Lerner BH. Cmaj 2002: 166(2); 199-201. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Nonfinancial conflicts of interest in research. Levinsky NG. N Engl J Med 2002: 347(10); 759-61. [Medline] [Abstract]
Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. BMJ 2003: 326(7400); 1167-1170. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Conflict-of-interest policies for investigators in clinical trials. Lo B, Wolf LE, Berkeley A. N Engl J Med 2000: 343(22); 1616-20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Biases in the interpretation and use of research results. MacCoun R. Annu Rev Psychol 1998: 49; 259-87. [Full text] [PDF]
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Get-the-lead-out guru challenged. Palca J. Science 1991: 253(5022); 842-4. [Medline]
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Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: frequency of citation and outcome. Ravnskov U. British Journal of Medicine 1992: 305(6844); 15-19. [Medline]
Economic incentives in clinical investigation. Relman AS. N Engl J Med 1989: 320(14); 933-4. [Medline]
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Bias in analytic research. Sackett DL. J Chronic Dis 1979: 32(1-2); 51-63.
Childhood Lead Poisoning and Tainted Science. Schoen EJ. Accessed on 2003-08-13. www.roizen.com/ron/schoen.html
Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry. Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S. BMJ Tob Control 2003: 12(1); 13-20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Beyond conflict of interest. Transparency is the key [editorial]. Smith R. Bmj 1998: 317(7154); 291-2. [Full text] [PDF]
Publishing commentary by authors with potential conflicts of interest: when, why, and how. The Editors. Ann Intern Med 2004: 141(1); 73-4. [Medline] [PDF]
A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers. Tobacco Industry Research Committee. Accessed on 2003-06-18. www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?pgno=0&start=0&bool=Frank%20Statement&docid=2015002376
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Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Commercial Disincentives to Quality (2)
The uncertainty principle and industry-sponsored research. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH. Lancet 2000: 356(9230); 635-8. [Medline]
How can research ethics committees protect patients better? Garattini S, Bertele V, Bassi LL. BMJ 2003: 326(7400); 1199-1201. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Commercial Restrictions (1)
Relationships between academic institutions and industry in the life sciences--an industry survey. Blumenthal D, Causino N, Campbell E, Louis KS. N Engl J Med 1996: 334(6); 368-73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Commercial Restrictions on Publication (2)
The Pharmaceutical Industry. Don't Talk. American Medical Student Association, Published May 8, 2003. Accessed on 2003-05-08. www.amsa.org/hp/conflict.cfm
Disclosure policies for gifts from industry to academic faculty. Bero LA. Jama 1998: 279(13); 1031-2. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Example (8)
On being a whistleblower: the Needleman case. Ernhart CB, Scarr S, Geneson DF. Ethics Behav 1993: 3(1); 73-93. [Medline]
Integrity in Science Award Is Neither. Milloy S, Fox News. Accessed on 2003-07-11. www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,91600,00.html
Reply to Ernhart, Scarr, and Geneson. Needleman HL. Ethics Behav 1993: 3(1); 95-101. [Medline]
A reply to Scarr and Ernhart. Needleman HL. Pediatrics 1993: 91(2); 519-21. [Medline]
Salem comes to the National Institutes of Health: notes from inside the crucible of scientific integrity. Needleman HL. Pediatrics 1992: 90(6); 977-81. [Medline]
Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, Reed R, Peresie H, Maher C, Barrett P. N Engl J Med 1979: 300(13); 689-95. [Medline]
Blood lead levels, scientific misconduct and the Needleman case. 3. A reply from Scarr and Ernhart. Scarr S, Ernhart CB. Am J Public Health 1996: 86(1); 113-4; author reply 114-5. [Medline]
Of whistleblowers, investigators, and judges. Scarr S, Ernhart CB. Ethics Behav 1993: 3(2); 199-206. [Medline]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Impact (8)
Why Review Articles on the Health Effects of Passive Smoking Reach Different Conclusions. Barnes DE, Bero LA. JAMA 1998: 279(19); 1566-1570. [Medline] [Abstract]
Influences on the Quality of Published Drug Studies. Bero L, Rennie D. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996: 12; 209 - 237. [Medline]
The publication of sponsored symposiums in medical journals. Bero LA, Galbraith A, Rennie D. N Engl J Med 1992: 327(16); 1135-40. [Medline] [Abstract]
Ethics issues in academic-industry relationships in the life sciences: the continuing debate. Blumenthal D. Acad Med 1996: 71(12); 1291-6. [Medline] [Abstract]
Participation of life-science faculty in research relationships with industry. Blumenthal D, Campbell EG, Causino N, Louis KS. N Engl J Med 1996: 335(23); 1734-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The Quality of Drug Studies Published in Symposium Proceedings. Cho M, Bero L. Ann Intern Med 1996: 124; 485 - 489. [Medline]
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on treatment of asthma: critical evaluation. Jadad AR, Moher M, Browman GP, Booker L, Sigouin C, Fuentes M, Stevens R. Bmj 2000: 320(7234); 537-40. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. Stelfox HT, Chua G, O. Rourke K, Detsky AS. N Engl J Med 1998: 338(2); 101-6. [Medline]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Reader Perceptions (1)
Problem is greater than editorial indicates. Kristiansen IS. BMJ 2003: 326(7394); 883-. [Full text]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict >> Readers Perception (1)
Does the type of competing interest statement affect readers' perceptions of the credibility of research? Randomised trial. Schroter S, Morris J, Chaudhry S, Smith R, Barratt H. Bmj 2004: 328(7442); 742-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Conflict of Interest (3)
Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering * Commentary: Medicalisation of risk factors. Moynihan R, Heath I, Henry D, Gotzsche PC. British Medical Journal 2002: 324(7342); 886-891. [Full text] [PDF]
Operating the smokescreen. Unknown A. British Medical Journal 1998: 317; 7154. [Full text]
Scientific Integrity, Fidelity and Conflicts of Interest. Warner TD, Roberts LW, Published in Curr Opin Psychiatry (2004) Vol. 17, No. 5, p381-385 and reprinted in Medscape Today (2004, August 23). Accessed on 2005-01-04. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/487576
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Example (1)
Smoking and stroke: a causative role. Heavy smokers with hypertension benefit most from stopping. Aldoori MI, Rahman SH. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7164); 962-3. [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Fraud (5)
Researchers deny any attempt to mislead the public over JAMA article on arthritis drug. Gottlieb S. Bmj 2001: 323(7308); 301. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Researcher to be sacked after reporting high rates of ADHD. Lenzer J. Bmj 2005: 330(7493); 691. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
COX-2-Selective NSAIDs: new and improved? Lichtenstein DR, Wolfe MM. Jama 2000: 284(10); 1297-9. [Medline]
Research ethics committees and public dissemination of clinical trail results. Mann H. The Lancet 2002: 360(9330); 406. [Medline]
Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, Simon LS, Pincus T, Whelton A, Makuch R, Eisen G, Agrawal NM, Stenson WF, Burr AM, Zhao WW, Kent JD, Lefkowith JB, Verburg KM, Geis GS. Jama 2000: 284(10); 1247-55. [Medline]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Fraud Detection (1)
How does correlation structure differ between real and fabricated data-sets? Akhtar-Danesh N, Dehghan-Kooshkghazi M. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 18. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Indirect Comparisons (1)
Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses. Song F, Altman DG, Glenny AM, Deeks JJ. Bmj 2003: 326(7387); 472. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Plausibility (10)
Association and Cause. Agius R. Accessed on 2003-01/04. www.agius.com/hew/resource/assoc.htm
Epidemiology Kept Simple An Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Gerstman BB (1998) New York: Wiley-Liss.
Earlobe Creases: A Risk Factor of Heart Disease!. Grisanti RJ. Accessed on 2003-07-15. www.drgrisanti.com/Earlobe.htm
Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: case-control study. Hultman CM, Sparen P, Takei N, Murray RM, Cnattingius S. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7181); 421-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson DW (1996) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dermatological indicators of coronary risk: a case-control study. Miric D, Fabijanic D, Giunio L, Eterovic D, Culic V, Bozic I, Hozo I. Int J Cardiol 1998: 67(3); 251-5. [Medline]
The predictive value of diagonal ear-lobe crease sign. Motamed M, Pelekoudas N. Int J Clin Pract 1998: 52(5); 305-6. [Medline]
Minerva Review. Unknown A. British Medical Journal 2000: 320(7243); 1218-1236. [Full text] [PDF]
Alternative medicine: a "mirror image" for scientific reasoning in conventional medicine. Vandenbroucke JP, de Craen AJ. Ann Intern Med 2001: 135(7); 507-13. [Abstract] [PDF]
Biologic plausibility in causal inference: current method and practice. Weed DL, Hursting SD. Am J Epidemiol 1998: 147(5); 415-25.
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Prior Beliefs (1)
The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality. Koehler JJ. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Proc. 1993: 56; 28-55.
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Replication (1)
Critical Thinking mini-lesson 8: replication revisited. Carroll RT, The Skeptics Dictionary. Accessed on 2003-10-23. www.skepdic.com/refuge/ctlessons/lesson8.html
Evidence >> Corroboration >> Temporality (1)
Retroactive prayer: a preposterous hypothesis? Olshansky B, Dossey L. Bmj 2003: 327(7429); 1465-8. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> General Overview (5)
Knowledge for Health Care Practice: A Guide to Using Research Evidence. Brown SJ (1999) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN: 0721678033. [BookFinder4U link]
PDQ Evidence-Based Principles and Practice. McKibbon A, Eady A, Marks S (1999) Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker.
Making Informed Medical Decisions: Where to Look and How to Use What You Find. Oster N, Thomas L, Joseff D, MD (2000) Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly.
Where's the Evidence? Debates in Modern Medicine. Silverman WA (1998) New York: Oxford University Press.
Reasoning with Statistics: How to Read Quantitative Research Fourth Edition. Williams F (1992) Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Evidence >> Guidelines (7)
Improving radiology research methods: what is being asked and who is being studied? Eng J, Siegelman SS. Radiology 1997: 205(3); 651-5.
Statistical reviewing policies of medical journals. Caveat Lector? Goodman S. JGIM 1998: 13; 753-756. [PDF]
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Journal of American Medical Association 1993: 269; 2282-2286.
Fiction and Fantasy in Medical Research: The Large Scale Randomised Trial. Penston J, / FPJ (2003) London, England: London Press. ISBN: 0954463617. [BookFinder4U link]
Reporting of occupational and environmental research: use and misuse of statistical and epidemiological methods. Rushton L. Occup Environ Med 1999: 57(1); 1-9. [PDF]
Are guidelines following guidelines? The methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Shaneyfelt TM, Mayo-Smith MF, Rothwangl J. Jama 1999: 281(20); 1900-5. [Medline]
STROBE (Standards of Reporting Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement. von Elm E, Altman D, Pocock S, Egger M, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Accessed on 2005-01-21. www.strobe-statement.org/
Evidence >> Guidelines >> Internet (1)
How to find the good and avoid the bad or ugly: a short guide to tools for rating quality of health information on the internet. Wilson P. Bmj 2002: 324(7337); 598-602. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Introduction (1)
Do patients need to read research? Smith R. Bmj 2003: 326(7402); 1307. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Left out >> Drop outs (1)
Attrition and bias in the MRC cognitive function and ageing study: an epidemiological investigation. Matthews FE, Chatfield M, Freeman C, McCracken C, Brayne C. BMC Public Health 2004: 4(1); 12. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Left out >> Exclusions (1)
The fallacy of enrolling only high-risk subjects in cancer prevention trials: is there a "free lunch"? Baker SG, Kramer BS, Corle D. BMC Med Res Methodol 2004: 4(1); 24. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Left out >> Selection bias (1)
The Oslo Health Study: The impact of self-selection in a large, population-based survey. Sogaard AJ, Selmer R, Bjertness E, Thelle D. Int J Equity Health 2004: 3(1); 3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Left out >> Volunteer bias (1)
The requirement for prior consent to participate on survey response rates: a population-based survey in Grampian. Angus VC, Entwistle VA, Emslie MJ, Walker KA, Andrew JE. BMC Health Serv Res 2003: 3(1); 21. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Attrition (9)
Article makes simple errors and could cause unnecessary deaths. Baigent C, Collins R, Peto R. British Medical Journal 2002: 324(7330); 167. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistical issues in randomized trials of cancer screening. Baker SG, Kramer BS, Prorok PC. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 11. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Quantification of the completeness of follow-up. Clark TG, Altman DG, De Stavola BL. Lancet 2002: 359(9314); 1309-10. [Medline]
Hold the Lard! The Atkins Diet still doesn't work.. Fumento M. Accessed on 2002-12-06. www.reason.com/hod/mf120502.shtml
Attrition in prevention research. Hansen WB, Collins LM, Malotte CK, Johnson CA, Fielding JE. J Behav Med 1985: 8(3); 261-75.
Tracking and follow-up of 16,915 adolescents: minimizing attrition bias. Morrison TC, Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Zakarian J, Burkham-Kreitner S, Hofstetter CR, Slymen DJ, Keating K, Russos S, Jones JA. Control Clin Trials 1997: 18(5); 383-96.
Tracking and attrition in longitudinal school-based smoking prevention research. Pirie PL, Thomson SJ, Mann SL, Peterson AV, Jr., Murray DM, Flay BR, Best JA. Prev Med 1989: 18(2); 249-56.
Sample size slippages in randomised trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359(9308); 781-5. [Medline] [Abstract]
Intention to Treat Analysis in Clinical Trials When There are Missing Data. Streiner, D, Geddes J. Evid Based Ment Health 2001: 4(3); 70-71. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Compliance (22)
Influence of Adherence Treatment and Response of Cholesterol on Mortality in the Coronary Drug Project. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. New England Journal of Med 1980: 303(18); 1038-1041. [Medline] [Abstract]
Risk Factor Changes after Cessation of Intervention in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Cutler JA, Grandits GA, Grimm RH, Thomas HE, Billings JH, Wright NH. Preventive Medicine 1991: 20(2); 183-196. [Medline]
Advances in Clinical Trials in theTwentieth Century. Fisher LD. Annu Rev Public Health 1999: 20; 109-124. [Medline]
Should we pay the patient? Review of financial incentives to enhance patient compliance. Giuffrida A, Torgerson DJ. BMJ 1997: 315(7110); 703-707. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Hjermann I, Velve Byre K, Holme I, Leren P. Lancet 1981: 2(8259); 1303-10.
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. Hollis S, Campbell F. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7211); 670-674. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The Oslo Study: diet and antismoking advice: Additional results from a 5-year primary preventive trial in middle-aged men. Holme I, Hjermann I, Helgeland A, Leren P. Preventive Medicine 1985: 14(3); 279-292.
Adherence to treatment and health outcomes. Horwitz RI, Horwitz SM. Arch Intern Med 1993: 153(16); 1863-8. [Medline]
Treatment adherence and risk of death after a myocardial infarction. Horwitz RI, Viscoli CM, Berkman L, Donaldson RM, Horwitz SM, Murray CJ, Ransohoff DF, Sindelar J. Lancet 1990: 336(8714); 542-5. [Medline]
Randomised study of long term outcome after epidural versus non-epidural analgesia during labour. Howell CJ, Dean T, Lucking L, Dziedzic K, Jones PW, Johanson RB. Bmj 2002: 325(7360); 357. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Analysis of clinical trials by treatment actually received: is it really an option? Lee YJ, Ellenberg JH, Hirtz DG, Nelson KB. Stat Med 1991: 10(10); 1595-605. [Medline]
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Lumley J, Oliver S, Waters E. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: (2); CD001055. [Abstract]
A Method for the Analysis of Randomized Trials with Compliance Information: An Application to Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Mark S, Robins J. Controlled Clinical Trials 1993: 14(2); 79-97.
Enhancing patients' compliance. Meredith PA, Raffle AE, Morgan K, Giuffrida A, Torgerson DJ. BMJ 1998: 316(7128); 393b-394. [Full text]
Intention-to-treat principle. Montori VM, Guyatt GH. Cmaj 2001: 165(10); 1339-41. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Mortality Rates After 10.5 Years for Participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA 1990: 263(13); 1795-1801. [Medline]
Relationship between Baseline Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease and Total Mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Preventive Medicine 1986: 15(3); 254-273. [Medline]
The Relationship of Smoking Cessation to Coronary Heart Disease and Lung Cancer in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Ockene J, Kuller L, Svendsen K, Meilahn E. American Journal of Public Health 1990: 80(8); 954-958.
Problems in the conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Are we getting the right answers to the wrong questions? Rabeneck L, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. Arch Intern Med 1992: 152(3); 507-12. [Medline]
Intention to treat analysis is related to methodological quality. Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez M, de Irala-Estevez J. British Medical Journal 2000: 320(7240); 1007-1008.
Are placebo run ins justified? Senn S. Bmj 1997: 314(7088); 1191-3. [Medline] [Full text]
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Evidence >> Leftout >> Dropouts (4)
Tracking respondents in longitudinal surveys. Crider D. Public Opinion Quarterly 1971: 35) 613-20.
Treatment of Missing Data. Howell DC, University of Vermont. Accessed on 2004-01-05. www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/StatPages/More_Stuff/Missing_Data/Missing.htm
General FAQ #25: Handling missing or incomplete data. Information Technology Services, UT Austin. Accessed on 2003-04-04. www.utexas.edu/cc/faqs/stat/general/gen25.html
The effect of experimental mortality on the internal and external validity of the randomized comparative experiment. Jurs S. The Journal of Experimental Education 1971: 40(1); 62-66.
Evidence >> Leftout >> Exclusions (32)
A controlled trial of immunotherapy for asthma in allergic children. Adkinson NF, Jr., Eggleston PA, Eney D, Goldstein EO, Schuberth KC, Bacon JR, Hamilton RG, Weiss ME, Arshad H, Meinert CL, Tonascia J, Wheeler B. New England Journal of Medicine 1997: 336(5); 324-31. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Including elderly people in clinical trials. Avorn J. BMJ 1997: 315(7115); 1033-1034. [Full text]
Unjustified exclusion of elderly people from studies submitted to research ethics committee for approval: descriptive study. Bayer A, Tadd W. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7267); 992-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Clinical trials should be designed to include elderly people. Bene J, Liston R. BMJ 1998: 316(7148); 1905a-. [Full text]
Statistical Assumptions as Empirical Commitments [pdf]. Berk RA, Freedman DA. Accessed on 2001-August. stat-www.berkeley.edu/~census/berk2.pdf
Exclusion of elderly people from clinical research: a descriptive study of published reports. Bugeja G, Kumar A, Banerjee AK. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7115); 1059. [Full text]
Ethical implications of rejecting patients for clinical trials. Chalmers TC. Jama 1990: 263(6); 865. [Medline]
Applying results of randomised trials to clinical practice: impact of losses before randomisation. Charlson ME, Horwitz RI. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984: 289(6454); 1281-4. [Medline]
An algebraic analysis of biases due to exclusion, susceptibility, and protopathic prescription in case-control research. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1981: 34(8); 393-403. [Medline]
Post-randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis. Fergusson D, Aaron SD, Guyatt G, Hebert P. Bmj 2002: 325(7365); 652-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Participation in Research and Access to Experimental Treatments by HIV-Infected Patients. Gifford AL, Cunningham WE, Heslin KC, Andersen RM, Nakazono T, Lieu DK, Shapiro MF, Bozzette SA, the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium. N Engl J Med 2002: 346(18); 1373-1382. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Research Fables from the Sisters Grinn, No. 11. Chicken Little.. Grace J, University of Rochester School of Nursing. Accessed on 2003-05-27. www.urmc.rochester.edu/SON/Fables/clittle.html
"Most of the subjects were white and middle class": trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals 1970-1989. Graham S. American Psychology 1992: 47; 629-639.
The exclusion of the elderly and women from clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. Gurwitz JH, Col NF, Avorn J. Jama 1992: 268(11); 1417-22. [Medline]
Enrollment of women in cardiovascular clinical trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Harris DJ, Douglas PS. N Engl J Med 2000: 343(7); 475-80. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
AAP Washington Office Testimony: Off-Label Drug Use. Kauffman R. Accessed on 2002-12-13. www.aap.org/advocacy/washing/offlabel.htm
Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS. Ann Intern Med 1992: 117(2); 135-40. [Medline]
Representation of elderly persons and women in published randomized trials of acute coronary syndromes. Lee PY, Alexander KP, Hammill BG, Pasquali SK, Peterson ED. Jama 2001: 286(6); 708-13. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Puzzler Answer: Bomber Armor. Magliozzi T, Magliozzi R, Car Talk. Accessed on 2003-08-25. cartalk.cars.com/Radio/Puzzler/Transcripts/199839/answer.html
Why Are There So Few Papers on Elderly Patients in Thorax? Mamun M. Thorax 1998: 53; 233. [Full text]
Placebos, active control groups, and the unpredictability paradox. Mattocks KM, Horwitz RI. Biol Psychiatry 2000: 47(8); 693-8. [Medline]
Applying evidence to patient care: from black and white to shades of grey. McAlister FA. Ann Intern Med 2003: 138(11); 938-9. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Methodologic problems of exercise testing for coronary artery disease: groups, analysis and bias. Philbrick JT, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Am J Cardiol 1980: 46(5); 807-12. [Medline]
The limited spectrum of patients studied in exercise test research. Analyzing the tip of the iceberg. Philbrick JT, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Langou RA, Chandler JP. Jama 1982: 248(19); 2467-70. [Medline]
Comorbidity of chronic diseases in general practice. Schellevis FG, van der Velden J, van de Lisdonk E, van Eijk JT, van Weel C. J Clin Epidemiol 1993: 46(5); 469-73. [Medline]
Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency. Shlipak MG. Ann Intern Med 2003: 138(11); 917-24. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. Smith TA, House RF, Jr., Croghan IT, Gauvin TR, Colligan RC, Offord KP, Gomez-Dahl LC, Hurt RD. Pediatrics 1996: 98(4 Pt 1); 659-67. [Medline]
The Effect of School Dropout Rates on Estimates of Adolescent Substance Use among Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. Swaim RC, Beauvais F, Chavez E, Oetting E. American Journal of Public Health 1997: 87(1); 51-55. [Medline]
Physicians' reasons for not entering eligible patients in a randomized clinical trial of surgery for breast cancer. Taylor KM, Margolese RG, Soskolne CL. N Engl J Med 1984: 310(21); 1363-7. [Medline]
Representation of older patients in cancer treatment trials. Trimble E, Carter C, Cain D, Freidlin B, Ungerleider R, Friedman M. Cancer 1994: 74(7); 2208-14.
A Selection of Selection Anomalies. Wainer H, Pamer S, Bradlow ET. Chance 1998: 11(2); 3-7.
Are Subjects in Pharmacological Treatment Trials of Depression Representative of Patients in Routine Clincal Practice. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI, Posternak MA. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002: 159(3); 469-473. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Exclusions >> Differential (1)
Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1985: 145(10); 1873-5. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Exclusions >> Placebo responders (1)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: placebo washouts inflate antidepressant effects in general practice. van Marwijk HW, Ader HJ. Bmj 2005: 330(7488); 420. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Exclusions >> Trial Effect (1)
Are randomized clinical trials good for us (in the short term)? Evidence for a "trial effect". Braunholtz DA, Edwards SJ, Lilford RJ. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2001: 54(3); 217-24. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Exclusions >> Women (3)
Estimation of gender bias in clinical trials. Meinert CL, Gilpin AK. Stat Med 2001: 20(8); 1153-64. [Medline]
Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. Physicians' Health Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1989: 321(3); 129-35. [Medline]
Gender bias in clinical trials: do double standards still apply? Ramasubbu K, Gurm H, Litaker D. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001: 10(8); 757-64. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> External Validity (2)
Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence. Chambless DL, Ollendick TH. Annu Rev Psychol 2001: 52; 685-716.
Design issues for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses alongside clinical trials. Ramsey SD, McIntosh M, Sullivan SD. Annu Rev Public Health 2001: 22; 129-41.
Evidence >> Leftout >> Generalizability (4)
Randomized trials, generalizability, and meta-analysis: Graphical insights for binary outcomes. Baker SG, Kramer BS. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 10. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Assessing the generalizability of smoking studies. Hughes JR, Giovino GA, Klevens RM, Fiore MC. Addiction 1997: 92(4); 469-72. [Medline] [Abstract]
Building Bridges Between Populations and Samples in Epidemiological Studies. Kalsbeek W, Heiss G. Annu Rev. Public Health 2000: 21; 147-169. [Medline]
Generalisability in economic evaluation studies in healthcare: a review and case studies. Sculpher M, Pang F, Manca A, Drummond M, Golder S, Urdahl H, Davies L, Eastwood A, Published in Health Technology Assessment (2004), Vol. 8, No. 49. Accessed on 2005-01-04. www.ncchta.org/execsumm/summ849.htm
Evidence >> Leftout >> Refusals (19)
Effect of UK national guidelines on services to treat patients with acute low back pain: follow up questionnaire survey. Barnett AG, Underwood MR, Vickers MR. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7188); 919-20. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Mortality and cancer rates in nonrespondents to a prospective study of older women: 5-year follow-up. Bisgard KM, Folsom AR, Hong CP, Sellers TA. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994: 139(10); 990-1000. [Medline]
Characteristics of non-responders and the impact of non-response on prevalence estimates of dementia. Boersma F, Eefsting JA, van den Brink W, van Tilburg W. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997: 26(5); 1055-62. [Medline]
Including a 'No Active Intervention' Arm in Surgical Trials is Possible: Evidence from the CLasP Randomised Trial". Brookes ST, Peters TJ, Donovan JL. J Health Serv Res Policy 2003: 8(4); 209-214.
Coronary artery surgery study (CASS): a randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Comparability of entry characteristics and survival in randomized patients and nonrandomized patients meeting randomization criteria. CASS Principal Investigators and Their Associates. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1984: 3(1); 114-28. [Medline]
Influence of race, clinical, and other socio-demographic features on trial participation. Corbie-Smith G, Viscoli CM, Kernan WN, Brass LM, Sarrel P, Horwitz RI. J Clin Epidemiol 2003: 56(4); 304-9. [Medline]
Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population-based cardiovascular disease study. Criqui MH, Barrett-Connor E, Austin M. Am J Epidemiol 1978: 108(5); 367-72.
Quality improvement report: Improving design and conduct of randomised trials by embedding them in qualitative research: ProtecT (prostate testing for cancer and treatment) study. Commentary: presenting unbiased information to patients can be difficult. Donovan J, Mills N, Smith M, Brindle L, Jacoby A, Peters T, Frankel S, Neal D, Hamdy F. Bmj 2002: 325(7367); 766-70. [Medline]
Non-response bias in a lifestyle survey. Hill A, Roberts J, Ewings P, Gunnell D. J Public Health Med 1997: 19(2); 203-7.
The Tromso Heart Study: responders and non-responders to a health questionnaire, do they differ? Jacobsen BK, Thelle DS. Scand J Soc Med 1988: 16(2); 101-4.
Do safety practices differ between responders and non-responders to a safety questionnaire? Kendrick D, Hapgood R, Marsh P. Injury Prevention 2001: 7(2); 100-3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Nonresponse bias in a national study of dentists' infection control practices and attitudes related to HIV. McCarthy GM, MacDonald JK. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997: 25(4); 319-23.
Protective effect of faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer: worse prognosis for screening refusers. Niv Y, Lev-El M, Fraser G, Abuksis G, Tamir A. Gut 2002: 50(1); 33-37. [Medline] [Abstract]
Comparison of early and late respondents to a postal health survey questionnaire. Paganini-Hill A, Hsu G, Chao A, Ross RK. Epidemiology 1993: 4(4); 375-9.
The Online Health Care Revolution: How the Web helps Americans take better care of themselves. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Accessed on 2003-06-12. www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=26
Quality of response in different population groups in mail and telephone surveys. Siemiatycki J, Campbell S, Richardson L, Aubert D. Am J Epidemiol 1984: 120(2); 302-14.
Studies with Low Response Proportions May Be Less Biased Than Studies With High Response Proportions. Stang A, Jockel KH. Am J Epidemiol 2004: 159(2); 204-10. [Medline]
What are the characteristics of general practitioners who routinely do not return postal questionnaires: a cross sectional study. Stocks N, Gunnell D. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000: 54(12); 940-1. [Medline]
Representativeness and response rates from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST). Tijssen JG. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1999: 231; 15-9. [Medline]
Evidence >> Leftout >> Volunteer (22)
Do volunteer subjects bias clinical trials? Amori G, Lenox RH. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989: 9(5); 321-7. [Medline]
Volunteer bias in human sexuality research: evidence for both sexuality and personality differences in males. Bogaert AF. Arch Sex Behav 1996: 25(2); 125-40. [Medline]
Reducing volunteer bias: using left-over specimens to estimate rates of HIV infection among inmates in Ontario, Canada. Calzavara LM, Major C, Myers T, Schlossberg J, Millson M, Wallace E, Rankin J, Fearon M. Aids 1995: 9(6); 631-7. [Medline]
A genetic bias in clinical trials? Cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype in general vs selected healthy subject populations [letter]. Chen S, Kumar S, Chou WH, Barrett JS, Wedlund PJ. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997: 44(3); 303-4. [Medline]
Selection bias in observational and experimental studies. Ellenberg JH. Stat Med 1994: 13(5-7); 557-67.
A comparison of cigarette smokers recruited through the Internet or by mail. Etter JF, Perneger TV. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 521-5. [Medline]
Uptake of screening and prevention in women at very high risk of breast cancer. Evans D, Lalloo F, Shenton A, Boggis C, Howell A. Lancet 2001: 358(9285); 889-90.
Using the Internet for surveys and health research. Eysenbach G, Wyatt J. J Med Internet Res 2002: 4(2); E13. [Medline] [Full text]
Healthy volunteer effect in industrial workers. Froom P, Melamed S, Kristal-Boneh E, Benbassat J, Ribak J. J Clin Epidemiol 1999: 52(8); 731-5. [Medline]
Random versus volunteer selection for a community-based study. Ganguli M, Lytle ME, Reynolds MD, Dodge HH. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998: 53(1); M39-46. [Medline]
The healthy control subject in psychiatric research: impulsiveness and volunteer bias. Gustavsson JP, Asberg M, Schalling D. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997: 96(5); 325-8. [Medline]
Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needle-exchange programs. Hagan H, McGough JP, Thiede H, Hopkins SG, Weiss NS, Alexander ER. J Urban Health 2000: 77(1); 103-12. [Medline]
Sperm output of healthy men in Australia: magnitude of bias due to self-selected volunteers. Handelsman DJ. Hum Reprod 1997: 12(12); 2701-5. [Medline]
Selection bias in Teratology Information Service pregnancy outcome studies. Johnson KA, Weber PA, Jones KL, Chambers CD. Teratology 2001: 64(2); 79-82. [Medline]
Healthy volunteer effect in a cohort study: temporal resolution in the Adventist Health Study. Lindsted KD, Fraser GE, Steinkohl M, Beeson WL. J Clin Epidemiol 1996: 49(7); 783-90. [Medline]
An examination of bias in volunteer subject selection: findings from an in-depth child abuse study. Mandel FS, Weiner M, Kaplan S, Pelcovitz D, Labruna V. J Trauma Stress 2000: 13(1); 77-88. [Medline]
The healthy volunteer in clinical pharmacology: personality and motivation. Meyer FP, Haschke R, Rohl FW. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995: 48(2); 91-6. [Medline]
Informed consent as a source of bias in clinical research. Schubert DS, Patterson MB, Miller FT, Brocco KJ. Psychiatry Res 1984: 12(4); 313-20. [Medline]
Quality-of-life research on the Internet: feasibility and potential biases in patients with ulcerative colitis. Soetikno RM, Mrad R, Pao V, Lenert LA. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1997: 4(6); 426-35. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Characteristics of research volunteers for inpatient cocaine studies: focus on selection bias. Sofuoglu M, Dudish-Poulsen S, Nicodemus KK, Babb DA, Hatsukami DK. Addict Behav 2000: 25(5); 785-90. [Medline]
Volunteer bias in sexuality research. Strassberg DS, Lowe K. Arch Sex Behav 1995: 24(4); 369-82. [Medline]
Subject selection bias in alcoholics volunteering for a treatment study. Strohmetz DB, Alterman AI, Walter D. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990: 14(5); 736-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Misc (3)
The dark side of evidence-based medicine. Horwitz RI. Cleve Clin J Med 1996: 63(6); 320-3. [Medline]
Prognosis: Confusing? Health news- and the research it's based on- is filled with so many studies, so many conflicting results. Uhlenhuth K. The Kansas City Star 2001; D1.
'Anecdotes' worth recalling. Winn S. The Kansas City Star 2001?
Evidence >> Misc >> Abstracts (4)
The accuracy of abstracts in psychology journals. Harris AH, Standard S, Brunning JL, Casey SL, Goldberg JH, Oliver L, Ito K, Marshall JM. J Psychol 2002: 136(2); 141-8. [Medline]
More informative abstracts revisited. Haynes RB, Mulrow CD, Huth EJ, Altman DG, Gardner MJ. Ann Intern Med 1990: 113(1); 69-76.
Can the accuracy of abstracts be improved by providing specific instructions? A randomized controlled trial. Pitkin RM, Branagan MA. Jama 1998: 280(3); 267-9. [Medline]
Accuracy of data in abstracts of published research articles. Pitkin RM, Branagan MA, Burmeister LF. Jama 1999: 281(12); 1110-1. [Medline]
Evidence >> Misc >> Analysis (3)
Analysis and interpretation of cost data in randomised controlled trials: review of published studies. Barber JA, Thompson SG. BMJ 1998: 317(7167); 1195-1200. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Pitfalls of pharmacoepidemiology. Skegg DC. Bmj 2000: 321(7270); 1171-2. [Full text] [PDF]
Acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Vickers A, Irnich D, Krauss M. BMJ 2001: 323(7324); 1306-. [Full text]
Evidence >> Misc >> Conflict (1)
Scientific quality of original research articles on environmental tobacco smoke. Barnes D, Bero L. Tob Control 1997: 6; 19 - 26. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Misc >> Dislike of Statistics (1)
Medical students may not like statistics, but as doctors they will. Bland JM. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7145); 1674. [Medline]
Evidence >> Misc >> Guidelines (36)
Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed on 2003-07-28. www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/epcsums/strengthsum.htm
The importance of design and analysis in clinical trials. Antczak-Bouckoms A, Chalmers TC. J Oral Implantol 1988: 14(1); 36-42. [Medline]
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Badenoch D. Accessed on 2002-11-27. minerva.minervation.com/cebm/
JSCAN-Online. Badrinath P, Nicol AG. Accessed on 2002-11-27. jscan.uaeu.ac.ae/
A ScHARR Introduction to evidence-based Practice on the Internet. Booth A. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.nettingtheevidence.org.uk/
Discern online. Quality criteria for consumer health information. Charnock D, Shepperd S. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.discern.org.uk/
The Cochrane Library. Collaboration TC. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.update-software.com/Cochrane/default.HTM
Critical appraisal in clinical practice: sometimes irrelevant, occasionally invalid. Coomarasamy A, Latthe P, Papaioannou S, Publicover M, Gee H, Khan KS. J R Soc Med 2001: 94(11); 573-7. [Medline]
Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice. Evidence CfH. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.cche.net/usersguides/main.asp
Uncertainty. Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 360(9341); 1242. [Medline]
Transferring evidence from research into practice: 2. Getting the evidence straight. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gray JA, Cook DL, Guyatt GH. ACP Journal Club 1997: 126(1); A14-6. [Medline]
Transferring evidence from research into practice: 1. The role of clinical care research evidence in clinical decisions. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gray JM, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. ACP Journal Club 1996: 125(3); A14-6. [Medline]
Transferring evidence from research into practice: 4. Overcoming barriers to application. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Gray JA. ACP Journal Club 1997: 126(3); A14-5. [Medline]
EBM Education Center of Excellence. Health Sciences Library U. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.hsl.unc.edu/ahec/ebmcoe/pages/index.htm
Guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity. Holland GR, Narhi MN, Addy M, Gangarosa L, Orchardson R. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24(11); 808-13. [Medline]
Randomised Controlled Trials. A user's guide.. Jadad AR, Published by the British Medical Journal. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.bmjpg.com/rct/contents.html
Methodologic requirements for assessing surgical procedures in current medical literature. Jimenez RE, Gutierrez AR, Benitez IM. World J Surg 2003: 27(2); 229-33. [Medline]
Published criteria for evaluating health related web sites: review. Kim P, Eng TR, Deering MJ, Maxfield A. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7184); 647-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Finding answers to questions in evidence-based medicine (EBM). Klovning A. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.uib.no/isf/people/atle/ebm.htm
Reporting, appraising, and integrating data on genotype prevalence and gene-disease associations. Little J, Bradley L, Bray MS, Clyne M, Dorman J, Ellsworth DL, Hanson J, Khoury M, Lau J, O'Brien TR, Rothman N, Stroup D, Taioli E, Thomas D, Vainio H, Wacholder S, Weinberg C. Am J Epidemiol 2002: 156(4); 300-10. [Medline]
Randomised controlled trial of the READER method of critical appraisal in general practice. MacAuley D, McCrum E, Brown C. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7138); 1134-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluation of Designs for Clinical Trials of Neuroprotective Agents in Head Injury. Machado SG, Murray GD, Teasdale GM. Journal of Neurotrauma 1999: 16(12); 1131-1138.
Evidence-based medicine: an incomplete method for informing treatment choices. Maynard A. Lancet 1997: 349(9045); 126-8. [Medline]
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature. McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Wells GA, Sackett DL. JAMA 1999: 282(14); 1371-1377.
JAMA Rational Clinical Examination series bibliography. Medicine USo. Accessed on 2002-11-27. medicine.ucsf.edu/resources/guidelines/rational.html
The consort statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials [In Process Citation]. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001: 91(8); 437-42.
Transferring evidence from research into practice: 3. Developing evidence-based clinical policy. Muir Gray JA, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. ACP Journal Club 1997: 126(2); A14-6. [Medline]
Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Sackett DL. Lancet 1997: 349(9051); 570; discussion 572-3. [Medline]
Why Sackett's analysis of randomized controlled trials fails, but needn't. Shapiro SH, Glass KC. CMAJ (Journal of the Canandian Medical Association) 2000: 163(7); 834-835. [Full text] [PDF]
HTA. Health Technology Assessment. Simons P. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/index.htm
A Proposal for Structured Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials. Standards of Reporting Trials Group. JAMA 1994: 272(24); 1926-1931. [Medline]
Using research findings in clinical practice. Straus SE, Sackett DL. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7154); 339-42. [Medline] [Full text]
Centre for Clinical Effectiveness. Strauss BD. Accessed on 2003-05-09. www.med.monash.edu.au/healthservices/cce/
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Unit PHR. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.phru.org.uk/~casp/index.htm
RES&WCE - How to find the evidence. Unit SaWHCL. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.shef.ac.uk/~scharr/reswce/reswce.htm
Evidence-based medicine for occupational health. Verbeek JH, van Dijk FJ, Malmivaara A, Hulshof CT, Rasanen K, Kankaanpaa EE, Mukala K. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002: 28(3); 197-204. [Medline]
Evidence >> Misc >> History (1)
Ovarian ablation in breast cancer, 1896 to 1998: milestones along hierarchy of evidence from case report to Cochrane review. Clarke M. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1246-8.
Evidence >> Misc >> Overview (3)
Bias. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-03-25. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band80/b80-2.html
The Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes. Cox P. Accessed on 2003-06-10. www.mathmistakes.com/
Design and analysis of prostate cancer trials. Sylvester R. Acta Urologica Belgica 1994: 62(1); 23-29.
Evidence >> Misc >> Peer Review (1)
Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Cheung CM, Hayes JA, Chalmers TC. Jama 1994: 272(2); 108-13. [Medline]
Evidence >> Misc >> Quality (16)
Poor-quality medical research: what can journals do? Altman DG. Jama 2002: 287(21); 2765-7.
Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, Pitkin R, Rennie D, Schulz KF, Simel D, Stroup DF. Jama 1996: 276(8); 637-9. [Medline]
Reviewing the reviewers: the quality of reporting in three secondary journals. Devereaux PJ, Manns BJ, Ghali WA, Quan H, Guyatt GH. Cmaj 2001: 164(11); 1573-6. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Four newspaper stories [pdf]. Efron B, Holmes S. Accessed on 2003-06-20. www.stanford.edu/class/stat30/rr2.pdf
The case for better research standards in peripheral thrombolysis: poor quality of randomized trials during the past decade. Egglin TK, Horwitz RI. Acad Radiol 1996: 3(1); 1-9. [Medline]
Exposing Flawed Science. Groleau R, Nova. Accessed on 2003-04-30. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/pseudoscience.html
A quality assessment of randomized control trials of primary treatment of breast cancer. Liberati A, Himel HN, Chalmers TC. J Clin Oncol 1986: 4(6); 942-51. [Medline]
The methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of homeopathy, herbal medicines and acupuncture. Linde K, Jonas WB, Melchart D, Willich S. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 526-31.
The Assert Statement. Mann H. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.assert-statement.org/
Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, Penman M, Tugwell P, Walsh S. Control Clin Trials 1995: 16(1); 62-73.
Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials. Current issues and future directions. Moher D, Jadad AR, Tugwell P. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996: 12(2); 195-208.
Research into complementary and alternative medicine: problems and potential. Nahin RL, Straus SE. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7279); 161-4. [Full text]
Truth survival in clinical research: an evidence-based requiem? Poynard T, Munteanu M, Ratziu V, Benhamou Y, Di Martino V, Taieb J, Opolon P. Ann Intern Med 2002: 136(12); 888-95. [Medline]
Clinical trials in general surgical journals: are methods better reported? Schumm LP, Fisher JS, Thisted RA, Olak J. Surgery 1999: 125(1); 41-5.
Review of randomised controlled trials of traditional chinese medicine. Tang J-L, Zhan S, Ernst E. BMJ 1999: 319(7203); 160-61. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Many reports of RCTs give insufficient data for Cochrane reviewers. Walters E, Walters J. BMJ 1999: 319(7204); 257. [Full text]
Evidence >> Misc >> Quality of Reporting (1)
Adherence to Published Standards of Reporting: A Comparison of Placebo-Controlled Trials Published in English or German. Junker C. JAMA 1998: 280(July 1998); 247-249.
Evidence >> Misc >> Searching (2)
Medline and PubMed will be able to synthesise clinical data. Kotzin S. Bmj 2002: 324(7340); 791. [Medline] [Full text]
Several databases give free access now. McLean F. Bmj 2002: 324(7340); 790. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Misc >> Statistical Validity (1)
How to read a paper: Statistics for the non-statistician. I: Different types of data need different statistical tests. Greenhalgh T. BMJ 1997: 315(7104); 364-366. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Misc >> Vitamin C (1)
Proof versus plausibility: rules of engagement for the struggle to evaluate alternative cancer therapies. Hoffer LJ. Cmaj 2001: 164(3); 351-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Blinding (2)
Turning a blind eye: the success of blinding reported in a random sample of randomised, placebo controlled trials. Fergusson D, Glass KC, Waring D, Shapiro S. Bmj 2004: 328(7437); 432. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Issues in planning a placebo-controlled trial of manual methods: results of a pilot study. Hawk C, Long CR, Reiter R, Davis CS, Cambron JA, Evans R. J Altern Complement Med 2002: 8(1); 21-32. [Medline] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Blinding >> Ethics (3)
Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, Burns B, Domino M, McNulty S, Vitiello B, Severe J. Jama 2004: 292(7); 807-20. [Medline]
The ethical problems of the open label extension study. Micetich KC. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 1996: 5(3); 410-4. [Medline]
Consent to open label extension studies: some ethical issues. Wainwright P. J Med Ethics 2002: 28(6); 373-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance (4)
Interpreting treatment effects in randomised trials. Guyatt GH, Juniper E, Walter S, Griffith L, Goldstein R. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7132); 690-693. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Can there be a more patient-centred approach to determining clinically important effect sizes for randomized treatment trials? Naylor CD. J Clin Epidemiol 1994: 47(7); 787-95. [Medline]
Measurement of Fatigue Determining Minimally Important Cllinical Differences. Schwartz AL, Meek PM, Nail LM, Fargo J, Lundquist M, Donofrio M, Grainger M, Throckmorton T, Mateo M. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2002: 55(3); 239 - 244. [Medline]
Measurement of fatigue. determining minimally important clinical differences. Schwartz AL, Meek PM, Nail LM, Fargo J, Lundquist M, Donofrio M, Grainger M, Throckmorton T, Mateo M. J Clin Epidemiol 2002: 55(3); 239-44. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Absolute Risk (14)
The meaning of 6.8: numeracy and normality in health information talks. Adelsward V, Sachs L. Soc Sci Med 1996: 43(8); 1179-87. [Medline]
Completeness of reporting trial results: effect on physicians' willingness to prescribe. Bobbio M, Demichelis B, Giustetto G. Lancet 1994: 343(8907); 1209-11. [Medline]
General practice registrar responses to the use of different risk communication tools in simulated consultations: a focus group study. Edwards A. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7212); 749-752.
Explaining risks: turning numerical data into meaningful pictures. Edwards A, Elwyn G, Mulley A. Bmj 2002: 324(7341); 827-30. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
evidence-based purchasing: understanding results of clinical trials and systematic reviews. Fahey T, Griffiths S, Peters TJ. British Medical Journal 1995: 311(7012); 1056-9; discussion 1059-60. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Absolutely relative: how research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions. Forrow L, Taylor W, Arnold R. The American Journal of Medicine 1992: 92(2); 121-24.
Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: does the format of efficacy data determine patients' acceptance of treatment? Hux J, Naylor C. Medical Decision Making 1995: 15(2); 152-7.
Absolute and relative truth in clinical trials. Julian D. Lancet 2002(June): 359(9321); 1945-1946.
Quality of life questionnaires: does statistically significant = clinically important? Juniper EF. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998: 102(1); 16-7. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
An assessment of clinically useful measures of the consequences of treatment. Laupacis A, Sackett D, Roberts R. New England Journal of Med 1988: 318(26); 1728-1733. [Medline]
Consider absolute risks in SIDS prevention. Logan S. Arch Dis Child 2000: 83(5); 457.
Who benefits from medical interventions? Smith GD, Egger M. Bmj 1994: 308(6921); 72-4. [Medline] [Full text]
Women need better information about routine mammography. Thornton H, Edwards A, Baum M. Bmj 2003: 327(7406); 101-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
"Absolute" is inappropriate for quantitative risk estimation. Tunstall-Pedoe H. BMJ 2000: 320(7236); 723-. [Full text]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Confidence Intervals (1)
Statistical Significance and Clinical Relevance: A Contradiction?. Hauschke D, Statistical Solutions. Accessed on 2003-06-24. www.statsol.ie/equivtest/hauschke1.htm
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Example (10)
Grapefruits and drugs: when is statistically significant clinically significant? Abernethy DR. J Clin Invest 1997: 99(10); 2297-8. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, West SL, Morse ML. Arch Intern Med 1987: 147(1); 85-8. [Medline]
Size and quality of randomised controlled trials in head injury: review of published studies. Dickinson K, Bunn F, Wentz R, Edwards P, Roberts I. British Medical Journal 2000: 320; 1308-1311. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effect of homoeopathy on pain and other events after acute trauma: placebo controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Lokken P, Straumsheim PA, Tveiten D, Skjelbred P, Borchgrevink CF. British Medical Journal 1995: 310(6992); 1439-42. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Lumley J, Oliver S, Waters E. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: (2); CD001055. [Abstract]
Quality of randomised controlled trials in head injury. Trials in head injury are more complex than review suggests. Murray GD, Teasdale GM. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7270); 1223. [Medline] [Full text]
Assessing clinically significant change: application to the SCL-90-R. Schmitz N, Hartkamp N, Franke GH. Psychol Rep 2000: 86(1); 263-74. [Medline]
The Crack Baby Epidemic That Wasn't. What Statistics Mean, and Don't Mean. Schwartzberg NS. Accessed on 2005-03-11 (link broken). www.biomednet.com/hmsbeagle/50/people/op_ed.htm
Multiple doses of secretin in the treatment of autism: a controlled study. Sponheim E, Oftedal G, Helverschou SB. Acta Paediatr 2002: 91(5); 540-5. [Medline]
What is the relationship between the minimally important difference and health state utility values? The case of the SF-6D. Walters SJ, Brazier JE. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003: 1(1); 4. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Methodology (1)
What is the chance that this study is clinically significant? A proposal for Q values. Froehlich GW. Eff Clin Pract 1999: 2(5); 234-9. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Negative Trials (15)
Survey of claims of no effect in abstracts of Cochrane reviews. Alderson P, Chalmers I. Bmj 2003: 326(7387); 475. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Altman DG, Bland JM. British Medical Journal 1995: 311(7003); 485. [Medline] [Full text]
Underpowered clinical trials of antiretroviral treatment. Arribas JR, Pulido F. Jama 2002: 288(17); 2120; author reply 2120-1. [Medline]
The prevalence of negative studies with inadequate statistical power: an analysis of the plastic surgery literature. Chung KC, Kalliainen LK, Spilson SV, Walters MR, Kim HM. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002: 109(1); 1-6; discussion 7-8. [Medline]
Negative results of randomized clinical trials published in the surgical literature: equivalency or error? Dimick JB, Diener-West M, Lipsett PA. Arch Surg 2001: 136(7); 796-800. [Medline]
Putting trials on trial--the costs and consequences of small trials in depression: a systematic review of methodology. Hotopf M, Lewis G, Normand C. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997: 51(4); 354-8.
"Evidence of absence" can be important. Joffe M. Bmj 2003: 326(7401); 1267. [Medline] [Full text]
Epidemiological appraisal of studies of residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and adult cancers. Li CY, Theriault G, Lin RS. Occup Environ Med 1996: 53(8); 505-10. [Medline]
Thirst, interdialytic weight gain, and thirst-interventions in hemodialysis patients: a literature review. Mistiaen P. Nephrol Nurs J 2001: 28(6); 601-4, 610-3; quiz 614-5. [Medline]
MR findings in humeral epicondylitis. A systematic review. Pasternack I, Tuovinen EM, Lohman M, Vehmas T, Malmivaara A. Acta Radiol 2001: 42(5); 434-40. [Medline]
The ethics of tiny trials. Phillips B. Arch Dis Child 2002: 87(3); 258. [Medline]
Epidemiology of silicone-related disease. Swan SH. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994: 24(1 Suppl 1); 38-43. [Medline]
Distinguishing between "no evidence of effect" and "evidence of no effect" in randomised controlled trials and other comparisons. Tarnow-Mordi WO, Healy M. Arch Dis Child 1999: 80(3); 210-213. [Full text] [PDF]
Cost effectiveness calculations and sample size. Torgerson DJ, Campbell MK. BMJ 2000: 321; 697. [Full text] [PDF]
Elevated blood lead levels in children of construction workers. Whelan E, Piacitelli G, Gerwel B, Schnorr T, Mueller C, Gittleman J, Matte T. American Journal of Public Health 1997: 87(8); 1352-55.
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Overview (4)
Is it clinically significant? Erill S. Lancet 2002: 359(9318); 1708. [Full text] [PDF]
Efficacy, safety, and cost of new anticancer drugs. Garattini S, Bertele V. British Medical Journal 2002: 325(7358); 269-71. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Clinical versus statistical considerations in the design and analysis of clinical research. Horwitz RI, Singer BH, Makuch RW, Viscoli CM. J Clin Epidemiol 1998: 51(4); 305-7. [Medline]
Why randomized controlled trials fail but needn't: 2. Failure to employ physiological statistics, or the only formula a clinician-trialist is ever likely to need (or understand!). Sackett DL. Cmaj 2001: 165(9); 1226-37. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Pain Example (8)
Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale. Bird SB, Dickson EW. Ann Emerg Med 2001: 38(6); 639-43. [Medline]
The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients. Bodian CA, Freedman G, Hossain S, Eisenkraft JB, Beilin Y. Anesthesiology 2001: 95(6); 1356-61. [Medline]
Does the clinically significant difference in visual analog scale pain scores vary with gender, age, or cause of pain? Kelly AM. Acad Emerg Med 1998: 5(11); 1086-90. [Medline]
A proposal to use confidence intervals for visual analog scale data for pain measurement to determine clinical significance. Mantha S, Thisted R, Foss J, Ellis JE, Roizen MF. Anesth Analg 1993: 77(5); 1041-7. [Medline]
Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Ann Emerg Med 2001: 37(1); 28-31. [Medline]
A randomized controlled trial of fentanyl for abortion pain. Rawling MJ, Wiebe ER. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001: 185(1); 103-7. [Medline]
Clinical utility and clinical significance in the assessment and management of pain in vulnerable infants. Stevens B, Gibbins S. Clin Perinatol 2002: 29(3); 459-68. [Medline]
Minimum clinically significant VAS differences for simultaneous (paired) interval serial pain assessments. Yamamoto LG, Nomura JT, Sato RL, Ahern RM, Snow JL, Kuwaye TT. Am J Emerg Med 2003: 21(3); 176-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Particularizing (9)
Making consent patient centred. Bridson J, Hammond C, Leach A, Chester MR. BMJ 2003: 327(7424); 1159-1161. [Full text] [PDF]
Changes in clinical trials mandated by the advent of meta-analysis. Chalmers TC, Lau J. Stat Med 1996: 15(12); 1263-8; discussion 1269-72. [Medline]
Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients. Glasziou P, Guyatt GH, Dans AL, Dans LF, Straus S, Sackett DL. ACP Journal Club 1998: 129(3); A15-6. [Medline]
Can treatment that is helpful on average be harmful to some patients? A study of the conflicting information needs of clinical inquiry and drug regulation. Horwitz RI, Singer BH, Makuch RW, Viscoli CM. J Clin Epidemiol 1996: 49(4); 395-400. [Medline]
Decision analysis and the implementation of research findings. Lilford RJ, Pauker SG, Braunholtz DA, Chard J. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7155); 405-9. [Medline] [Full text]
Variation in patient utilities for outcomes of the management of chronic stable angina. Implications for clinical practice guidelines. Ischemic Heart Disease Patient Outcomes Research Team. Nease RF, Kneeland T, O'Connor GT, Sumner W, Lumpkins C, Shaw L, Pryor D, Sox HC. Jama 1995: 273(15); 1185-90. [Medline]
Recombinant or urinary follicle-stimulating hormone? A cost-effectiveness analysis derived by particularizing the number needed to treat from a published meta-analysis. Ola B, Papaioannou S, Afnan MA, Hammadieh N, Gimba S. Fertil Steril 2001: 75(6); 1106-10. [Medline]
Pronouncements about the need for "generalizability" of randomized controlled trial results are humbug. Sackett DL. Control. Clinical Trials 2000: 21; 82S.
Conflicting clinical trials and the uncertainty of treating mild hypertension. Toth PJ, Horwitz RI. Am J Med 1983: 75(3); 482-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> QOL Example (1)
Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD. Jones PW. Eur Respir J 2002: 19(3); 398-404. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Clinical Importance >> Reporting (2)
How well is the clinical importance of study results reported? An assessment of randomized controlled trials. Chan KB, Man-Son-Hing M, Molnar FJ, Laupacis A. Cmaj 2001: 165(9); 1197-202. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Thomson OB, Oxman AD, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Freemantle N, Harvey EL. Cochrane 2000: (2); CD000259. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Individualization (1)
Patient preferences and clinical guidelines. Hlatky MA. Jama 1995: 273(15); 1219-20. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Blinding (25)
A comparison of active and simulated chiropractic manipulation as adjunctive treatment for childhood asthma. Balon J, Aker PD, Crowther ER, Danielson C, Cox PG, O'Shaughnessy D, Walker C, Goldsmith CH, Duku E, Sears MR. New England Journal of Medicine 1998: 339(15); 1013-20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Beyerstein BL. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); [Full text]
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Lancet 1989: 1(8652); 1435-9. [Medline]
The discrepancy between observational studies and randomized trials of menopausal hormone therapy: did expectations shape experience? Col NF, Pauker SG. Ann Intern Med 2003: 139(11); 923-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
"Double blind, you are the weakest link- good-bye!" Devereaux PJ, Bhandari M, Montori VM, Manns BJ, Ghali WA, Guyatt GH. ACP Journal Club 2002: 136; A11-A12.
Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials. Devereaux PJ, Manns BJ, Ghali WA, Quan H, Lacchetti C, Montori VM, Bhandari M, Guyatt GH. Jama 2001: 285(15); 2000-3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A Double-Blind Comparison of Empirical Oral and Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy for Low-Risk Febrile Patients with Neutropenia During Cancer Chemotherapy. Freifeld A, Marchigiani D, Walsh T, Chanock S, Lewis L, Hiemenz J, Hiemenz S, Hicks J, Gill V, Steinberg S, Pizzo P. The New England Journal of Medicine 1999: 341(5); 305-311. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Writing as therapy: Effects on immune mediated illness need substantiation in independent studies. Greenhalgh T. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7205); 270-71. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC. N Engl J Med 2001: 344(21); 1594-602. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Removing bias in surgical trials. Johnson AG, Dixon JM. British Medical Journal 1997: 314(7085); 916-7. [Medline] [Full text]
Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. Lijmer J, Mol B, Heisterkamp S, Bonsel G, Prins M, van der Meulen J, Bossuyt P. JAMA 1999: 282(11); 1061-1066. [Medline]
The difficulties of double blinding. Mercer J. Science 2002: 297(5590); 2208. [Medline]
An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach. Nelemans PJ, Rampen FH, Ruiter DJ, Verbeek AL. J Clin Epidemiol 1995: 48(11); 1331-42. [Medline]
The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Noseworthy JH, Ebers GC, Vandervoort MK, Farquhar RE, Yetisir E, Roberts R. Neurology 1994: 44(1); 16-20. [Medline]
Inconsistencies and Errors in Alternative Medicine Research. Sampson W. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); 35-38.
Assessing Allocation Concealment and Blinding in Randomised Controlled Trials: Why bother? Schulz K. Evid Based Nurs 2001: 4; 4 - 6.
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
The Landscape and Lexicon of Blinding in Randomized Trials. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002: 136(3); 254-259. [Medline]
Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359(9307); 696-700. [Medline]
Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled trials: survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and gynaecology. Schulz KF, Grimes DA, Altman DG, Hayes RJ. BMJ 1996: 312(7033); 742-744. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Experimenter Effects in Scientific Research: How Widely Are They Neglected? Sheldrake R. 1998: 12(1); 73-78. [Abstract] [PDF]
Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Smyth JM, Stone AA, Hurewitz A, Kaell A. Jama 1999: 281(14); 1304-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Understanding controlled trials randomisation methods: concealment. Torgerson D, Roberts C. BMJ 1999: 319(7206); 375-76. [Full text] [PDF]
ABC of complementary medicine: Acupuncture. Vickers A, Zollman C. BMJ 1999: 319(7215); 973-976. [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Post Hoc Changes (14)
Things to know and do about cancer clusters. Aldrich T, Sinks T. Cancer Invest 2002: 20(5-6); 810-6.
Dangers of using "optimal" cutpoints in the evaluation of prognostic factors. Altman DG, Lausen B, Sauerbrei W, Schumacher M. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994: 86(11); 829-35. [Medline]
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL, Jr., Park HK, Sanders BB, Jr., Smith CL, Taylor JR. Jama 1996: 276(24); 1957-63. [Medline]
The Cancer-Cluster Myhth [pdf]. Gawande A, Published in the New Yorker Magazine, February 8, 1998. Accessed on 2003-09-05. www.venocoinc.com/bh/newyorker_magazine.pdf
Specifying objectives and outcomes for clinical trials. Gebski V, Marschner I, Keech AC. Med J Aust 2002: 176(10); 491-2. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Journals should see original protocols for clinical trials. Hawkey CJ. BMJ 2001: 323(7324); 1309-. [Medline] [Full text]
Are selective COX 2 inhibitors superior to traditional non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? Juni P, Rutjes AW, Dieppe PA. BMJ 2002: 324(7349); 1287-1288. [Full text] [PDF]
Some Remarks on Wild Observations. Kruskal WH. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/out.htm
Interim analyses of data as they accumulate in laboratory experimentation. Ludbrook J. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 15. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Randomised controlled trial of cardiotocography versus Doppler auscultation of fetal heart at admission in labour in low risk obstetric population. Mires G, Williams F, Howie P. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7300); 1457-60; discussion 1460-2. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Finding the Antarctic Ozone Hole. OzDASL. Accessed on 2003-08-13. www.statsci.org/data/general/ozonehol.html
Cancer Clusters: Finding Vs. Feelings. Robinson D, Published in Medscape General Medicine (2002) Vol. 4, No. 4. Accessed on 2003-05-09. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/442554_1
Ozone Depletion, History and politics. Sparling B. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/history.html
False positive outcomes and design characteristics in occupational cancer epidemiology studies. Swaen GG, Teggeler O, van Amelsvoort LG. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 948-54. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Reliability (4)
Examination of instruments used to rate quality of health information on the internet: chronicle of a voyage with an unclear destination. Gagliardi A, Jadad AR. Bmj 2002: 324(7337); 569-73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Construct Validity of the MiniClinical Evaluation Exercise (MiniCEX). Holmboe ES, Huot S, Chung J, Norcini J, Hawkins RE. Acad Med 2003: 78(8); 826-830. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Rating health information on the Internet: navigating to knowledge or to Babel? Jadad AR, Gagliardi A. Jama 1998: 279(8); 611-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluating Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Can We Better Predict Heart Attacks? Ridker PM. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999: 130(11); 933-937.
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Retrospective Data (12)
Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women. Bryant HE, Visser N, Love EJ. American Journal of Public Health 1989: 79(1); 78-80. [Medline]
Maternal recall of pregnancy history: accuracy and bias in schizophrenia research. Buka SL, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000: 26(2); 335-50. [Medline]
Recall bias in epidemiologic studies. Coughlin SS. J Clin Epidemiol 1990: 43(1); 87-91.
Completeness of ascertainment of prenatal smoking using birth certificates and confidential questionnaires: variations by maternal attributes and infant birth weight. PRAMS Working Group. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Dietz PM, Adams MM, Kendrick JS, Mathis MP. Am J Epidemiol 1998: 148(11); 1048-54.
Dulcet tones of a surgeon's voice may have a hidden meaning. Dobson R. Bmj 2002: 325(7359); 297. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Determinants of recall and recall bias in studying drug and chemical exposure in pregnancy. Feldman Y, Koren G, Mattice K, Shear H, Pellegrini E, MacLeod SM. Teratology 1989: 40(1); 37-45.
Comparison of epidemiologic data from multiple sources. Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1986: 39(11); 889-96. [Medline]
Assessing the reliability of epidemiologic data obtained from medical records. Horwitz RI, Yu EC. J Chronic Dis 1984: 37(11); 825-31. [Medline]
Problems and proposals for interview data in epidemiological research. Horwitz RI, Yu EC. Int J Epidemiol 1985: 14(3); 463-7. [Medline]
Recall of Early Menstrual History and Menarcheal Body Size: After 30 Years, How Well Do Women Remember? Must A, Phillips SM, Naumova EN, Blum M, Harris S, Dawson-Hughes B, Rand WM. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(7); 672-679.
Recall bias in a case-control surveillance system on the use of medicine during pregnancy. Rockenbauer M, Olsen J, Czeizel AE, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT. Epidemiology 2001: 12(4); 461-6.
Induced abortion and risk for breast cancer: reporting (recall) bias in a Dutch case-control study. Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996: 88(23); 1759-64.
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Self Report (3)
Psychological Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: Empirical Demonstration of Bias in a Prospective Observational Study of Scottish Men * Commentary: Psychosocial factors and health---strengthening the evidence base. Macleod J, Davey Smith G, Heslop P, Metcalfe C, Carroll D, Hart C, Lynch J. BMJ 2002: 324(7348); 1247-. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Substituting proxy ratings for patient ratings in cancer clinical trials: an analysis based on a Southwest Oncology Group trial in patients with brain metastases. Moinpour CM, Lyons B, Schmidt SP, Chansky K, Patchell RA. Qual Life Res 2000: 9(2); 219-31. [Medline]
Health: perception versus observation. Sen A. Bmj 2002: 324(7342); 860-1. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Measurement Quality >> Validity (3)
Statistics Notes: Validating scales and indexes. Bland JM, Altman DG. Bmj 2002: 324(7337); 606-7. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence for the Factorial and Construct Validity of a Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale. Piland SG, Motl RW, Ferrara MS, Peterson CL. J Athl Train 2003: 38(2); 104-112. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Whether and Why Pediatric Researchers Report Race and Ethnicity. Walsh C, Ross LF. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003: 157(7); 671-675. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Particularizing (1)
Finasteride in the treatment of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review of randomised trials. Edwards JE, Moore RA. BMC Urol 2002: 2(1); 14. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Post Hoc Changes (2)
Empirical Evidence for Selective Reporting of Outcomes in Randomized Trials: Comparison of Protocols to Published Articles. Chan A-W, MD, Hrobjartsson A, MD, PhD, Haahr MT, BSc, Gotzsche PC, MD, DrMedSci, Altman DG, DSc. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004: 291(20); 2457-65. [Medline] [Abstract]
The Power of the Protocol. Lassere M, Johnson K. The Lancet 2002: 360(9346); 1620-2. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Protocol changes (1)
Publication bias in situ. Phillips CV. BMC Med Res Methodol 2004: 4(1); 20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Subgroup (1)
Debate: Subgroup analyses in clinical trials: fun to look at - but don't believe them! Sleight P. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc med 2000: 1(1); 25-27. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Subgroup Comparisons (1)
The choice of treatment for cancer patients based on covariate information. Byar DP, Green SB. Bulletin du Cancer 1980: 67(4); 477-90. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Subgroups (3)
AIDS vaccine trial called disappointing, but not futile. Elliott VS, AMNews. Accessed on 2004-01-02. www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2003/03/17/hlsb0317.htm
Color-blind? The value of racial data in medical research. Elliott VS, AMNews. Accessed on 2004-01-02. www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2004/01/05/hlsa0105.htm
Debate: A subversive view of subsets - a dissident clinician's opinion. Julian DG. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc med 2000: 1(1); 28-30. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcome >> Multiple Outcomes (13)
Multiple significance tests and the Bonferroni correction. Bland M. Accessed on 2002-12/31/03. www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/Statistics/Multiple_significance_tests_and_the_Bonferroni_correction.htm
Controlling alpha in a clinical trial: the case for secondary endpoints. D'Agostino RB, Sr. Stat Med 2000: 19(6); 763-6. [Medline]
Lessons learned from recent cardiovascular clinical trials: Part II. DeMets DL, Califf RM. Circulation 2002: 106(7); 880-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Assessing cause and effect from trials: a cautionary note. Howel D, Bhopal R. Control Clin Trials 1994: 15(5); 331-4. [Medline]
Multiple Comparisons Theory and Methods. Hsu JC (1996) London: Chapman & Hall.
Discussion for 'Alpha calculus in clinical trials: considerations and commentary for the new millennium'. Koch GG. Stat Med 2000: 19(6); 781-4. [Medline]
ALLHAT, or the Soft Science of the Secondary End Point. Messerli FH. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003: 139(9); 777-780. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Simultaneous Statistical Inference Second Edition. Miller RG (1981) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Alpha calculus in clinical trials: considerations and commentary for the new millennium. Moye LA. Stat Med 2000: 19(6); 767-79. [Medline]
Random research. Moye LA. Circulation 2001: 103(25); 3150-3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Commentary on 'Alpha calculus in clinical trials: considerations and commentary for the new millennium'. O'Neill RT. Stat Med 2000: 19(6); 785-99. [Medline]
Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States). Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cancer Causes Control 1994: 5(2); 141-8. [Medline]
Multiple comparisons and related issues in the interpretation of epidemiologic data. Savitz D. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995: 142(9); 904-07.
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcome >> Short Term Outcomes (2)
Principles from clinical trials relevant to clinical practice: Part I. Califf RM, DeMets DL. Circulation 2002: 106(8); 1015-21. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants in depression treated in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. MacGillivray S, Arroll B, Hatcher S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, Williams B, Crombie I. Bmj 2003: 326(7397); 1014. [Medline]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcome >> Sohrt Term Outcomes (1)
Longitudinal impact of a youth tobacco education program. Mahoney MC, Bauer JE, Tumiel L, McMullen S, Schieder J, Pikuzinski D. BMC Fam Pract 2002: 3(1); 3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcome >> Subgroup Comparisons (23)
Randomised crossover trial of transdermal fentanyl and sustained release oral morphine for treating chronic non-cancer pain. Allan L, Hays H, Jensen NH, de Waroux BL, Bolt M, Donald R, Kalso E. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7295); 1154-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: quantifying the risks of false-positives and false-negatives. Brookes ST, Whitley E, Peters TJ, Mulheran PA, Egger M, Davey Smith G. Health Technol Assess 2001: 5(33); 1-56. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Analysis of clinical trial outcomes: some comments on subgroup analyses. Buyse ME. Controlled Clinical Trials 1989: 10(4 Suppl); 187S-194S. [Medline]
Assessing apparent treatment--covariate interactions in randomized clinical trials. Byar DP. Statistics in Medicine 1985: 4(3); 255-63. [Medline]
Angiographic Prevalence of High-Risk Coronary Artery Disease in Patient Subsets (CASS). Chaitman B, Fisher L, Bourassa M, Davis K, Rogers W, Maynard C, Tyras D, Berger R, Judkins M, Ringqvist I, Mock M, Killip T. Circulation 1981: 64; 360-367. [Medline]
HIV/AIDS. Vaccine results lose significance under scrutiny. Cohen J. Science 2003: 299(5612); 1495. [Medline]
The miracle of DICE therapy for acute stroke: fact or fictional product of subgroup analysis? Counsell CE, Clarke MJ, Slattery J, Sandercock PAG. British Medical Journal 1994: 309(6970); 1677-1681.
Coronary Heart Disease and All-Causes Mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Subgroup Findings and Comparisons with Other Trials. Cutler JA, Neaton JD, Hulley SB, Kuller L, Paul O, Stamler J. Preventive Medicine 1985: 14(3); 293-311.
AIDS vaccine may offer hope only for some ethnic groups. Eaton L. Bmj 2003: 326(7387); 463. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Interpreting the results of secondary end points and subgroup analyses in clinical trials: should we lock the crazy aunt in the attic? Freemantle N. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7292); 989-91. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Interpretation of results from subset analyses within overviews of randomized clinical trials. Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A. Stat Med 1987: 6(3); 371-88.
Randomised, clinically controlled trial of intensive geriatric rehabilitation in patients with hip fracture: subgroup analysis of patients with dementia. Huusko TM, Karppi P, Avikainen V, Kautiainen H, Sulkava R. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7269); 1107-11. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Randomized trial of bilateral oophorectomy versus tamoxifen in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Ingle JN, Krook JE, Green SJ, Kubista TP, Everson LK, Ahmann DL, Chang MN, Bisel HF, Windschitl HE, Twito DI, et al. J Clin Oncol 1986: 4(2); 178-85.
Determination of who may derive most benefit from aspirin in primary prevention: subgroup results from a randomised controlled trial. Meade TW, Brennan PJ. BMJ 2000: 321(7252); 13-17. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Coronary Heart Disease Death, Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction and Other Clinical Outcomes in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. The American Journal of Cardiology 1986: 58(1); 1-13. [Medline]
A Consumer's Guide to Subgroup Analyses. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992: 116(1); 78-84.
Subgroups, treatment effects, and baseline risks: some lessons from major cardiovascular trials. Parker A, Naylor C. American Heart Journal 2000: 139(6); 952-61. [Medline]
Large Trial Finds AIDS Vaccine Fails to Stop Infection.. Peterson WP, Journal of Statistics Education Teaching Bits. Accessed on 2003-07-31. www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n2/peterson.html
Misleading subgroup analyses in GISSI [letter]. Peto R. Am J Cardiol 1990: 66(7); 771-2. [Medline]
Celestial determinants of success in research. Pollex R, Hegele B, Ban MR. Cmaj 2001: 165(12); 1584. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Repeated doses of porcine secretin in the treatment of autism: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Roberts W, Weaver L, Brian J, Bryson S, Emelianova S, Griffiths AM, MacKinnon B, Yim C, Wolpin J, Koren G. Pediatrics 2001: 107(5); E71.
Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP), A Randomized, Controlled Trial. I: Primary Outcomes. STOP-ROP Multicenter Study Group. Pediatrics 2000: 105(2); 295-310. [Medline]
Analysis and Interpretation of Treatment Effects in Subgroups of Patients in Randomized clinical trials. Yusuf S. JAMA 1991: 266(1); 93-98.
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcome >> Surrogate (32)
The influence of semen analysis parameters on the fertility potential of infertile couples. Ayala C, Steinberger E, Smith DP. Journal of Andrology 1996: 17(6); 718-25. [Medline]
A perfect correlate does not a surrogate make. Baker SG, Kramer BS. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 16. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
InfoPOEMs - The Clinical Awareness System. Barry H, Ebell MH, Hume K, Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Accessed on 2003-10-07. www.infopoems.com/
Does the duration of breast feeding matter? Booth I. Bmj 2001: 322(7287); 625-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA. Jama 1999: 282(8); 771-8. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Relation between tumour response to first-line chemotherapy and survival in advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Buyse M, Thirion P, Carlson RW, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Piedbois P. Lancet 2000: 356(9227); 373-8. [Medline]
Considerations in the evaluation of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop. De Gruttola VG, Clax P, DeMets DL, Downing GJ, Ellenberg SS, Friedman L, Gail MH, Prentice R, Wittes J, Zeger SL. Control Clin Trials 2001: 22(5); 485-502. [Medline]
Power of outcome measurements to detect clinically significant changes in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COPD. de Torres JP, Pinto-Plata V, Ingenito E, Bagley P, Gray A, Berger R, Celli B. Chest 2002: 121(4); 1092-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Lessons learned from recent cardiovascular clinical trials: Part I. DeMets DL, Califf RM. Circulation 2002: 106(6); 746-51. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Surrogate end points. Are they meaningful? [editorial; comment]. Fisher DM. Anesthesiology 1994: 81(4); 795-796.
Advances in Clinical Trials in theTwentieth Century. Fisher LD. Annu Rev Public Health 1999: 20; 109-124. [Medline]
Surrogate markers in AIDS and cancer trials. Fleming TR. Stat Med 1994: 13(13-14); 1423-35; discussion 1437-40.
Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Fleming TR, De Mets DL. Ann Intern Med 1996: 125(7); 605-13. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
On meta-analytic assessment of surrogate outcomes. Gail MH, Pfeiffer R, Van Houwelingen HC, Carroll RJ. Biostatistics 2000: 1(3); 231-46. [Medline]
Left ventricular hypertrophy: a surrogate end point or correlate of cardiovascular events in kidney disease? Griffith TF, Reddan DN, Klassen PS, Owen WF. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003: 18(12); 2479-82. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men. Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C, Carson SA, Cisnersos P, Steinkampf MP. New England Journal of Med. 2001: 345(19); 1388-1393. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
In search of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches. Heyland DK. J Nutr 2001: 131(9 Suppl); 2591S-5S. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The relationship between study design, results, and reporting of randomized clinical trials of HIV infection. Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Sacks HS, Lau J. Control Clin Trials 1997: 18(5); 431-44.
Perspectives on surrogate end points in the development of drugs that reduce the risk of cancer. Kelloff GJ, Sigman CC, Johnson KM, Boone CW, Greenwald P, Crowell JA, Hawk ET, Doody LA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000: 9(2); 127-37. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Surrogate Endpoints and Neuromuscular Recovery. Kopman AF. Anesthesiology 1997: 87(5); 1027-1031.
Maternal nutrition, pregnancy outcome and public health policy. Kramer MS. Cmaj 1998: 159(6); 663-5. [Medline] [Full text]
Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Bmj 2003: 326(7404); 1423. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Duration of breast feeding and arterial distensibility in early adult life: population based study. Leeson CP, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield JE, Lucas A. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7287); 643-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Is axillary temperature an appropriate surrogate for core temperature? Lodha R, Mukerji N, Sinha N, Pandey RM, Jain Y. Indian J Pediatr 2000: 67(8); 571-4. [Medline]
Case-control study, meta-analysis, and bouillabaisse: putting the calcium antagonist scare into context. Messerli FH. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123(11); 888-9. [Medline] [Full text]
Orthopaedic POEMS and reliable research. Peacock KC. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001: 83-A(3); 464. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Understanding controlled trials: What outcomes should be measured? Roland M, Torgerson D. BMJ 1998: 317(7165); 1075-1080. [Full text] [PDF]
The promise and peril of surrogate end points in cancer research. Schatzkin A, Gail M. Nat Rev Cancer 2002: 2(1); 19-27. [Medline]
What happened to the valid POEMs? A survey of review articles on the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Bmj 2003: 327(7409); 266. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Economics Notes: Measuring outcomes in economic evaluations. Torgerson D, Raftery J. BMJ 1999: 318(7195); 1413-. [Full text] [PDF]
Marginal costs and benefits. Torgerson DJ, Spencer A. BMJ 1996: 312(7022); 35-36. [Full text]
Quantifying the amount of variation in survival explained by prostate-specific antigen. Verbel DA, Heller G, Kelly WK, Scher HI. Clin Cancer Res 2002: 8(8); 2576-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Suitable Outcomes >> Surrogate (1)
Cementing the evidence: time for a randomized trial of vertebroplasty. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000: 21(8); 1373-4. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Mountain >> Validity (1)
An investigation into the validity of cervical spine motion palpation using subjects with congenital block vertebrae as a 'gold standard'. Humphreys BK, Delahaye M, Peterson CK. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004: 5(1); 19. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Confidence Intervals (6)
Confidence Intervals. Dallal GE, Tufts University. Accessed on 2003-03-19. www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/ci.htm
How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. II: "Significant" relations and their pitfalls. Greenhalgh T. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7105); 422-5. [Full text]
Interpreting study results: confidence intervals. Guyatt G. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1995: 152; 169-73. [Full text]
Basic statistics for clinicians: 2. Interpreting study results: confidence intervals. Guyatt G, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Cook D, Shannon H, Walter S. Cmaj 1995: 152(2); 169-73. [Medline]
Effect of homoeopathy on pain and other events after acute trauma: placebo controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Lokken P, Straumsheim PA, Tveiten D, Skjelbred P, Borchgrevink CF. British Medical Journal 1995: 310(6992); 1439-42. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals. Schenker N, Gentleman JF. The American Statistician 2001: 55(3); 182-186.
Evidence >> Numbers >> Confidence Intervals >> Advantages (3)
The case for confidence intervals in controlled clinical trials. Borenstein M. Controlled Clinical Trials 1994: 15(5); 411-28. [Medline]
Confidence intervals rather than P values: estimation rather than hypothesis testing. Gardner MJ, Altman DG. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986: 292(6522); 746-50.
Improving interpretation of clinical studies by use of confidence levels, clinical significance curves, and risk-benefit contours. Shakespeare TP, Gebski VJ, Veness MJ, Simes J. Lancet 2002: 357) 1349-1353.
Evidence >> Numbers >> Confidence Intervals >> Example (12)
Comparative trial of a short workshop designed to enhance appropriate use of screening tests by family physicians. Beaulieu MD, Rivard M, Hudon E, Beaudoin C, Saucier D, Remondin M. Cmaj 2002: 167(11); 1241-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A retrospective population based trend analysis on hospital admissions for lower respiratory illness among Swedish children from 1987 to 2000. Bjor O, Braback L. BMC Public Health 2003: 3(1); 22. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Breastfeeding practices in a cohort of inner-city women: the role of contraindications. England L, Brenner R, Bhaskar B, Simons-Morton B, Das A, Revenis M, Mehta N, Clemens J. BMC Public Health 2003: 3(1); 28. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Proactive asthma care in childhood: general practice based randomised controlled trial. Glasgow NJ, Ponsonby AL, Yates R, Beilby J, Dugdale P. Bmj 2003: 327(7416); 659. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A comparison of skinfolds and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance for the assessment of body composition in children. Goss F, Robertson R, Williams A, Sward K, Abt K, Ladewig M, Timmer J, Dixon C. Dyn Med 2003: 2(1); 5. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Pertussis vaccination and wheezing illnesses in young children: prospective cohort study. Henderson J, North K, Griffiths M, Harvey I, Golding J. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7192); 1173-1176. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Iron poisoning in young children: association with the birth of a sibling. Juurlink DN, Tenenbein M, Koren G, Redelmeier DA. Cmaj 2003: 168(12); 1539-42. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Moore M, Warner G, Dunleavey J. Bmj 2001: 322(7282); 336-42. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effectiveness of a parent "buddy" program for mothers of very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Preyde M, Ardal F. Cmaj 2003: 168(8); 969-73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effects of low income on infant health. Seguin L, Xu Q, Potvin L, Zunzunegui MV, Frohlich KL. Cmaj 2003: 168(12); 1533-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The nexus of evidence, context, and patient preferences in primary care: postal survey of Canadian family physicians. Tracy CS, Dantas GC, Moineddin R, Upshur RE. BMC Fam Pract 2003: 4(1); 13. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Confidence Intervals >> Extensions (5)
Confidence intervals and sets for linear combinations of fixed and random effects. Harville D. Biometrics 1976: 32) 403-7.
Note on Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Proportions from Correlated Series. Hsieh C-C. Statistics in Medicine 1985: 4(1); 23-27.
Prediction-interval procedures and (fixed-effects) confidence-interval procedures for mixed linear models. Jeske D. Commun. Statist.-Theory Meth. 1988: 17(4); 1053-87.
Improved confidence intervals for the difference between binomial proportions based on paired data. Newcombe R. Statistics in Medicine 1998: 17; 2635-650.
Two-Sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Newcombe R. Statistics in Medicine 1998: 17(857-72);
Evidence >> Numbers >> NNT (23)
Calculating and Using NNTs [pdf]. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-06-12. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/Extraforbando/NNTextra.pdf
Getting NNTs. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-07-01. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band36/b36-2.html
The adverse neuro-developmental effects of postnatal steroids in the preterm infant: a systematic review of RCTs. Barrington KJ. BMC Pediatr 2001: 1(1); 1. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Systematic review and meta-analysis of early postnatal dexamethasone for prevention of chronic lung disease. Bhuta T, Ohlsson A. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998: 79(1); F26-33. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analysis. Charlton BG. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7218); 1199. [Medline] [Full text]
Refining the indications for carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis: A systematic review. Cina C, CM C, BR H. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1999: 30(4); 606-17. [Medline]
The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. Cook RJ, Sackett DL. British Medical Journal 1995: 310(6977); 452-4. [Medline] [Full text]
Linking Evidence-Based Medicine Therapeutic Summary Measures to Clinical Decision Analysis. Djulbegovic B, Hozo I, Lyman GH, Published in Medscape General Medicine (2000), Vol. 2, No. 1. Accessed on 2005-01-03. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/403613
Finasteride in the treatment of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review of randomised trials. Edwards JE, Moore RA. BMC Urol 2002: 2(1); 14. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Basic statistics for clinicians: 3. Assessing the effects of treatment: measures of association [published erratum appears in Can Med Assoc J 1995 Mar 15; 152(6):813]. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Shannon H, Walter S, Cook D, Heddle N. Cmaj 1995: 152(3); 351-7. [Medline] [Full text]
Reporting risks and benefits of therapy by use of the concepts of unqualified success and unmitigated failure: applications to highly cited trials in cardiovascular medicine. Mancini GB, Schulzer M. Circulation 1999: 99(3); 377-83. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice. McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Ann Intern Med 1997: 126(9); 712-20. [Medline]
Sildenafil (Viagra) for male erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of clinical trial reports. Moore RA, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ. BMC Urol 2002: 2(1); 6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Recombinant or urinary follicle-stimulating hormone? A cost-effectiveness analysis derived by particularizing the number needed to treat from a published meta-analysis. Ola B, Papaioannou S, Afnan MA, Hammadieh N, Gimba S. Fertil Steril 2001: 75(6); 1106-10. [Medline]
Inhaled corticosteroid doses in asthma: an evidence-based approach. Powell H, Gibson PG. Med J Aust 2003: 178(5); 223-5. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Unqualified success and unmitigated failure: number-needed-to-treat-related concepts for assessing treatment efficacy in the presence of treatment-induced adverse events. Schulzer M, Mancini G. International Journal of Epidemiology 1996: 25(4); 704-12. [Medline]
When should an effective treatment be used? Derivation of the threshold number needed to treat and the minimum event rate for treatment. Sinclair JC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Pauker SG, Cook DJ. J Clin Epidemiol 2001: 54(3); 253-62. [Medline]
Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. Smith LA, Carroll D, Edwards JE, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Br J Anaesth 2000: 84(1); 48-58. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Applying evidence to the individual patient. Straus SE, Sackett DL. Ann Oncol 1999: 10(1); 29-32. [Medline]
The “Arms Race” on American Roads: The Effect of SUV’s and Pickup Trucks on Traffic Safety [pdf]. White MJ, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego. Accessed on 2003-12-24. econ.ucsd.edu/~miwhite/suv-revision.pdf
Benefit-Risk ratios in the assessment of the clinical evidence of a new therapy. Willan A, O'Brien B, Cook D. Cont Clin Trials 1997: 18(2); 121-30. [Medline]
Interpreting the Number Needed to Treat. Wu LA, Kottke TE. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002: 288(7); 830-1. [Medline]
Number needed to harm should be measured for treatments. Zermansky A. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7164); 1014. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Numbers >> NNT >> Advantages (1)
Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. Bucher HC, Weinbacher M, Gyr K. British Medical Journal 1994: 309(6957); 761-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Evidence >> Numbers >> NNT >> Controversy (2)
Events per person per year -- a dubious concept. Windeler J, Lange S. BMJ 1995: 310(6977); 454-56. [Medline] [Full text]
Number needed to treat: Caveat emptor. Wu L, Kottke T. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2001: 54(2); 111-116. [Medline]
Evidence >> Numbers >> NNT >> Example (5)
Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up. Blondal T, Gudmundsson LJ, Olafsdottir I, Gustavsson G, Westin A. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7179); 285-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Randomised controlled trial shows that glyceryl trinitrate heals anal fissures, higher doses are not more effective, and there is a high recurrence rate. Carapeti E, Kamm M, McDonald P, Chadwick S, Melville D, Phillips R. Gut 1999: 44(5); 727-30. [Medline] [Abstract]
Splinting vs surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Gerritsen AA, de Vet HC, Scholten RJ, Bertelsmann FW, de Krom MC, Bouter LM. Jama 2002: 288(10); 1245-51. [Medline]
Updated New Zealand cardiovascular disease risk-benefit prediction guide. Jackson R. Bmj 2000: 320(7236); 709-10. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Sildenafil (Viagra) for male erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of clinical trial reports. Moore RA, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ. BMC Urol 2002: 2(1); 6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Numbers >> NNT >> Extensions (8)
Calculating the number needed to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event. Altman DG, Andersen PK. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7223); 1492-5. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Missing the point (estimate)? Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. Barrowman NJ. Cmaj 2002: 166(13); 1676-7. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Calculating confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. Bender R. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001: 22(2); 102-10. [Medline]
Calculating the "number needed to be exposed" with adjustment for confounding variables in epidemiological studies. Bender R, Blettner M. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2002: 55(5); 525-530. [Medline] [PDF]
Expressing the magnitude of adverse effects in case-control studies: "the number of patients needed to be treated for one additional patient to be harmed". Bjerre LM, LeLorier J. British Medical Journal 2000: 320(7233); 503-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Confidence limits made easy: interval estimation using a substitution method. Daly LE. Am J Epidemiol 1998: 147(8); 783-90. [Medline]
Number needed to screen: development of a statistic for disease screening. Rembold CM. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7154); 307-12. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Adjusting the number needed to treat: incorporating adjustments for the utility and timing of benefits and harms. Riegelman R, Schroth W. Medical Decision Making 1993: 13(3); 247-52. [Medline]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Odds Ratio (4)
Primer on Probability and Odds and Interpreting Their Ratios [pdf]. American College of Physicians, American Society of Internal Medicine. Accessed on 2003-03-25. www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/mayjun00/primer.pdf
Statistics notes. The odds ratio. Bland JM, Altman DG. British Medical Journal 2000: 320(7247); 1468. [Medline]
Basic statistics for clinicians: 3. Assessing the effects of treatment: measures of association [published erratum appears in Can Med Assoc J 1995 Mar 15; 152(6):813]. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Shannon H, Walter S, Cook D, Heddle N. Cmaj 1995: 152(3); 351-7. [Medline] [Full text]
2-way Contingency Table Analysis. Pezzullo JC. Accessed on 2003-08-11. members.aol.com/johnp71/ctab2x2.html
Evidence >> Numbers >> Odds Ratio >> Controversy (21)
Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common (letter). Altman DG, Deeks JJ, Sackett DL. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7168); 1318. [Medline] [Full text]
Warning regarding the use of GLIM macros for the estimation of risk ratios. Baumgarten M, Seliske P, Goldberg MS. American Journal of Epidemiology 1989: 130(5); 1065. [Medline]
On the need for the rare disease assumption in some case-control studies. Cummings P, Koepsell TD. Inj Prev 2001: 7(3); 254-a-. [Full text] [PDF]
When can odds ratios mislead? Davies HTO, Crombie IK, Tavakoli M. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7136); 989-91.
When can odds ratios mislead? Odds ratios should be used only in case-control studies and logistic regression analyses [letter]. Deeks J. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7166); 1155-6; discussion 1156-7.
Interpretation and Choice of Effect Measures in Epidemiologic Analyses. Greenland S. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987: 125(5); 761-767.
Population preventable fraction of bicycle related head injuries. Hagel B, Boivin J-F. Inj Prev 2001: 7(1); 78-. [Full text] [PDF]
Odds ratio or relative risk for cross-sectional data. Lee J. International Journal of Epidemiology 1994: 23(1); 201-203.
A Haircut in Horse Town: And Other Great Car Talk Puzzlers. Magliozzi T, Magliozzi R, Berman D (1999) New York NY: Berkley Publishing Group.
Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trials results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Naylor C, Chen E, Strauss B. Ann Intern Med 1992: 117(11); 916-21. [Medline]
To use or not to use the odds ratio in epidemiologic studies? Nurminen M. European Journal of Epidemiology 1995: 11; 365-371.
What does the odds ratio estimate in a case-control study? Pearce N. Int J Epidemiol 1993: 22(6); 1189-92.
Categorical data analysis in public health. Preisser JS, Koch GG. Annu Rev Public Health 1997: 18; 51-82.
Down with odds ratios! Sackett DL, MD, Deeks JJ, Altman DG, BBS. Evidence-Based Medicine 1996: 1; 164-166.
Risk ratio and rate ratio estimation in case-cohort designs: hypertension and cardiovascular mortality. Schouten EG, Dekker JM, Kok FJ, Le Cessie S, Van Houwelingen HC, Pool J, Vanderbroucke JP. Stat Med 1993: 12(18); 1733-45. [Medline]
The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. Schulman KA, Berlin JA, Harless W, Kerner JF, Sistrunk S, Gersh BJ, Dube R, Taleghani CK, Burke JE, Williams S, Eisenberg JM, Escarce JJ. N Engl J Med 1999: 340(8); 618-26.
Likelihood of pregnancy in individuals with idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy: social and biologic influences. Schupf N. Epilepsia 1994: 35(4); 750-756.
Understanding the odds ratio and the relative risk. Simon SD. J Androl 2001: 22(4); 533-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Binomial regression in glim: Estimating risk ratios and risk differences. Wacholder S. American Journal of Epidemiology 1986: 123; 174-184.
Choice of Effect Measure for Epidemiological Data. Walter S. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000: 53(9); 931-939. [Medline]
What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. Zhang J, Yu KF. Jama 1998: 280(19); 1690-1. [Medline]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Odds Ratio >> Example (3)
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth outcome: increased effects on pregnant women aged 30 years or older. Ahluwalia IB, Grummer-Strawn L, Scanlon KS. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997: 146(1); 42-7.
Male Pattern Baldness and Coronary Heart Disease: The Physician's Health Study. Lotufo PA. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000: 160; 165-171. [Medline] [Abstract]
Bias due to Ignoring the Sample Design in Case–Control Studies. Neuhaus JM. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 2002: 44(3); 285 - 293.
Evidence >> Numbers >> Odds Ratio >> Extensions (1)
Marginal models for correlated binary responses with multiple classes and multiple levels of nesting. Qaqish BF, Liang KY. Biometrics 1992: 48(3); 939-50.
Evidence >> Numbers >> Pvalue (5)
On the origins of the.05 level of statistical significance. Cowles M. American Psychologist 1982: 37(5); 553-8.
P Values. Dallal GE, Tufts University. Accessed on 2003-03-19. www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/pval.htm
Basic statistics for clinicians: 1. Hypothesis testing. Guyatt G, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Cook D, Shannon H, Walter S. Cmaj 1995: 152(1); 27-32. [Full text]
What is a P-value? [pdf]. Thisted R. Accessed on 2003-06-20. www.stat.uchicago.edu/~thisted/Distribute/pvalue.pdf
Gergen versus the mainstream: Are hypothesis in social psychology subject to empirical test? Wallach L, Wallach MA. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1994: 67; 233-242.
Evidence >> Numbers >> Pvalue >> Alternatives (3)
Scientific Versus Statistical Inference. Dixon P, O'Reilly T. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 1999: 53(2); 133 - 149.
Clinical vs Statistical Significance. Hopkins WG, Sportscience. Accessed on 2003-03-17. www.sportsci.org/jour/0103/inbrief.htm
Sifting the evidence. Likelihood ratios are alternatives to P values. Perneger TV. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7295); 1184-5. [Full text]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Pvalue >> Controversy (10)
Understanding P-values. Berger J, Duke University. Accessed on 2003-03-19. www.stat.duke.edu/~berger/p-values.html
The Case Against Statistical Significance Testing. Carver RP. Harvard Educational Review 1978: 48(3); 378-399.
The Earth Is Round (p <.05). Cohen J. American Psychologist 1994: 49(12); 997 - 1003.
p Values, hypothesis tests, and likelihood: implications for epidemiology of a neglected historical debate. Goodman S. American Journal of Epidemiology 1993: 137(5); 485-95. [Medline]
The Insignificance of Statistical Significance Testing. Johnson DH, Based on the publication Johnson, Douglas H. 1999. The Insignificance of Statistical Significance Testing. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(3):763-772. Accessed on 2005-01-18. www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/1999/statsig/statsig.htm
A Picture is Worth a Thousand p Values: On the Irrelevance of Hypothesis Testing in the Microcomputer Age. Loftus GR. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 1993: 25(2); 250-256.
Special Issue: Statistical Significance Testing. Roberts D, Penn State University. Accessed on 2003-03-20. roberts.ed.psu.edu/users/droberts/sigtest.htm
Is statistical significance testing useful in interpreting data? Savitz DA. Reprod Toxicol 1993: 7(2); 95-100. [Medline]
Sifting the evidence- what's wrong with significance tests? Sterne JAC, Smith GD. BMJ 2001: 322; 226-231. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
326 Articles/Books Questioning the Indiscriminate Use of Statistical Hypothesis Tests in Observational Studies. Thompson WL. Accessed on 2003-03-19. www.cnr.colostate.edu/~anderson/thompson1.html
Evidence >> Numbers >> Pvalue >> Example (1)
Consultation patterns and provision of contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy: case-control study. Churchill D, Allen J, Pringle M, Hippisley-Cox J, Ebdon D, Macpherson M, Bradley S. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7259); 486-9. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Regression to the mean (1)
How to deal with regression to the mean in intervention studies. Yudkin P, Stratton I. The Lancet 1996: 347(8996); 241-43. [Medline]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Relative Risk (4)
Letters to the Editor: Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes. Cummings P. Am J Epidemiol 2004: 159(2); 213. [Full text]
Letters to the Editor: Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes. Deddens JA, Petersen MR. Am J Epidemiol 2004: 159(2); 213-214. [Full text]
Author's Reply: Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes. McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Am J Epidemiol 2004: 159(2); 214-215. [Full text]
Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes. McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Am J Epidemiol 2003: 157(10); 940-3. [Medline]
Evidence >> Numbers >> Risk (2)
Communicating risks at the population level: application of population impact numbers. Heller RF, Buchan I, Edwards R, Lyratzopoulos G, McElduff P, Leger SS. BMJ 2003: 327(7424); 1162-1165. [Full text] [PDF]
The visual communication of risk. Lipkus IM, Hollands JG. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1999: (25); 149-63. [Medline]
Evidence >> Overview (9)
Making policy when the evidence is in dispute. Atkins D, Siegel J, Slutsky J. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005: 24(1); 102-13. [Medline] [Abstract]
In which journals will pediatricians find the best evidence for clinical practice? Birken CS, Parkin PC. Pediatrics 1999: 103(5 Pt 1); 941-7. [Medline]
Evaluation and appraisal of randomized controlled trials in myeloma. Djulbegovic B, Adams JR, Lyman GH, Lacevic M, Hozo I, Greenwich M, Bennett CL. Ann Oncol 2001: 12(11); 1611-7. [Medline]
Scientific standards in epidemiologic studies of the menace of daily life. Feinstein AR. Science 1988: 242(4883); 1257-63.
Prominent medical journals often provide insufficient information to assess the validity of studies with negative results. Hebert RS, Wright SM, Dittus RS, Elasy TA. J Negat Results Biomed 2002: 1(1); 1. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Validity of randomized clinical trials in gastroenterology from 1964-2000. Kjaergard LL, Frederiksen SL, Gluud C. Gastroenterology 2002: 122(4); 1157-60. [Medline]
Randomized clinical trials in HEPATOLOGY: predictors of quality. Kjaergard LL, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Hepatology 1999: 30(5); 1134-8. [Medline]
User's Guide to Detecting Misleading Claims in Clinical Research Reports. Montori VM, Jaeschke R, Schunemann H, Bhandari M, Brozek JL, Devereaux PJ, Guyatt G. British Medical Journal 2004: 329; 1093 - 6.
Trends in UK cancer trials: results from the UK Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research National Register of Cancer Trials. Vale C, Stewart L, Tierney J. Br J Cancer 2005: 92(5); 811-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Evidence >> Overview >> Abstracts (1)
Journal reading habits of internists. Saint S, Christakis DA, Saha S, Elmore JG, Welsh DE, Baker P, Koepsell TD. J Gen Intern Med 2000: 15(12); 881-4. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Peer Review (13)
Peer review of statistics in medical research: the other problem. Bacchetti P. British Medical Journal 2002: 324(7348); 1271-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Review Times in Statistical Journals: Tilting at Windmills? [pdf]. Carroll RJ. Accessed on 2003-02-13. stat.tamu.edu/~biometrics/carroll.pdf
The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: a cross-diciplinary investigation. Cicchetti D. Behav. Brain Sci 1991: 14; 119-186.
Resources for Medical Editors. Editors WAoM. Accessed on 2003-01-07. www.wame.org/rsources.htm
What makes a good reviewer of manuscripts? [editorial]. Goldbeck-Wood S. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7125); 86.
Manuscript quality before and after peer review and editing at Annals of Internal Medicine. Goodman S. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994: 121(1); 11-21. [Medline]
The philosophical basis of peer review and the suppression of innovation. Horrobin DF. Jama 1990: 263(10); 1438-41. [Medline]
Something Rotten at the Core of Science?. Horrobin DF. Accessed on 2004-09-01. www.digibio.com/archive/SomethingRotten.htm
Publication prejudices: an experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Mahoney MJ. Cogn. Ther. Res. 1977: 1; 161-175.
Peer-reviewed practices of psychological journals: the fate of accepted published articles, submitted again. Peters DP, Ceci SJ. Behav. Brain Sci 1982: 5; 187-195.
Reproducibility of peer review in clinical neuroscience. Is agreement between reviewers any greater than would be expected by chance alone? Rothwell PM, Martyn CN. Brain 2000: 123(Pt 9); 1964-9.
Invited Commentary: What Can We Infer from Author Order in Epidemiology? Savitz DA. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999: 149(5); 401-403.
Effect of open peer review on quality of reviews and on reviewers' recommendations: a randomised trial. van Rooyen S, Godlee F, Evans S, Black N, Smith R. Bmj 1999: 318(7175); 23-7.
Evidence >> Peer Review >> Statistics (1)
How statistical expertise is used in medical research. Altman DG, Goodman SN, Schroter S. Jama 2002: 287(21); 2817-20.
Evidence >> Peer-review (1)
Something Rotten at the Core of Science?. Horrobin DF. Accessed on 2003-08-27. news.bmn.com/hmsbeagle/95/viewpts/op_ed
Evidence >> Quality (8)
A Scale of Methodological Quality for Clinical Studies of Radiologic Examinations. Arrive L, Renard R, Carrat F, Belkacem A, Dahan H, Le Hir P, Monnier-Cholley L, Tubiana J-M. Radiology 2000: 217(1); 69-74. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Reporting on methods in clinical trials. DerSimonian R, Charette L, McPeek B, Mosteller F. N Engl J Med 1982: 306(22); 1332-1337. [Abstract]
Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. Drummond MF, Jefferson TO. BMJ 1996: 313(7052); 275-283. [Medline] [Full text]
Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Gotzsche P. Control Clin Trials 1989: 10; 31 - 56.
Randomized clinical trials in hepatology: predictors of quality. Kjaergard L, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Hepatology 1999: 30; 1134 - 1138.
Association of Journal Quality Indicators With Methodological Quality of Clinical Research Articles. Lee KP, Schotland M, Bacchetti P, Bero LA. JAMA 2002: 287(21); 2805-2808. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Quality of RCTs in Periodontology-- A Systematic Review. Montenegro R, Needleman I, Moles D, Tonetti M. J Dent Res 2002: 81(12); 866-870. [Abstract]
Methodological quality and reporting of ethical requirements in clinical trials. Ruiz-Canela M, de Irala-Estevez J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Gomez-Gracia E, Fernandez-Crehuet J. J Med Ethics 2001: 27(3); 172-176.
Evidence >> Quality assessment (1)
Statistics in medical journals: developments in the 1980s. Altman DG. Statistics in Medicine 1991: 10(12); 1897-913.
Evidence >> Quote (1)
A habit of basing convictions upon evidence, and of giving to them only that degree of certainty which the evidence warrants, would, if it became general, cure most of the ills from which this world is suffering.. Russell B. Accessed on 2003-07-11. www.skepticreport.com/health/camufo.htm
Evidence >> Randomization >> Example (1)
Effectiveness of Leech Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Michalsen A, Stefanie Klotz, Ludtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G, Dobos GJ. Ann Intern Med 2003: 139(9); 724 -730. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Resources (26)
Statistics as Principled Argument. Abelson RP (1995) Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0805805281. [BookFinder4U link]
Anecdotes as evidence. Aronson JK. Bmj 2003: 326(7403); 1346. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists. Best J (2001) Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN: 0520219783. [BookFinder4U link]
Principles from clinical trials relevant to clinical practice: Part II. Califf RM, DeMets DL. Circulation 2002: 106(9); 1172-5. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice. Center for Health Evidence. Accessed on 2003-09-02. www.cche.net/usersguides/main.asp
The Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes. Cox P. Accessed on 2003-06-10. www.mathmistakes.com/
Quality and methods of developing practice guidelines. Cruse H, Winiarek M, Marshburn J, Clark O, Djulbegovic B. BMC Health Serv Res 2002: 2(1); 1. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trails. Elwood MJ (1998) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Interpreting the Medical Literature Third Edition. Gehlbach SH (1993) New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0071054510. [BookFinder4U link]
Evaluating Research Articles from Start to Finish. Girden ER (2001) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 0761922148. [BookFinder4U link]
Assessing the quality of research. Glasziou P, Vandenbroucke J, Chalmers I. Bmj 2004: 328(7430); 39-41. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the Users' Guides to patient care. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Guyatt GH, Haynes RB, Jaeschke RZ, Cook DJ, Green L, Naylor CD, Wilson MC, Richardson WS. Jama 2000: 284(10); 1290-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Rating the quality of evidence for clinical practice guidelines. Hadorn DC, Baker D, Hodges JS, Hicks N. J Clin Epidemiol 1996: 49(7); 749-54.
The evidence for evidence-based medicine. Imrie R, Ramey DW. Complement Ther Med 2000: 8(2); 123-6. [Medline] [Full text]
How to Use an Article about Harm. Levine M, Walter S, Hui L, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V, Centres for Health Evidence. Accessed on 2004-02-06. www.cche.net/usersguides/harm.asp
Statistical Reasoning in Medicine. The Intuitive P-Value Primer. Moye LA (2000) New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 0387989331. [BookFinder4U link]
Grey zones of clinical practice: some limits to evidence-based medicine. Naylor CD. Lancet 1995: 345(8953); 840-2. [Medline]
Further statistics in dentistry. Part 3: Clinical trials 1. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF. Br Dent J 2002: 193(9); 495-8. [Medline] [Abstract]
Studying a Study and Testing a Test: How to Read the Health Science Literature Third Edition. Riegelman RK, Hirsch RP (1996) Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN: 0316745219. [BookFinder4U link]
Evidence-based Medicine How to Practice and Teach EBM. Sackett DL, MD, Richardson SW, Rosenberg W, Haynes BR (1998) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0443056862. [BookFinder4U link]
Choosing the best research design for each question. Sackett DL, Wennberg JE. Bmj 1997: 315(7123); 1636. [Medline] [Full text]
Letters, numbers, symbols and words: how to communicate grades of evidence and recommendations. Schunemann HJ, Best D, Vist G, Oxman AD. Cmaj 2003: 169(7); 677-80. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bad reporting does not mean bad methods for randomised trials: observational study of randomised controlled trials performed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Soares HP, Daniels S, Kumar A, Clarke M, Scott C, Swann S, Djulbegovic B. BMJ 2004: 328(7430); 22-24. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years. Thornley B, Adams C. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1181-1184. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
In defense of case reports and case series. Vandenbroucke JP. Ann Intern Med 2001: 134(4); 330-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistical Methods in Psychology Journals: Guidelines and Explanations. Wilkinson L. American Psychologist 1999: 54(8); 594-604. [Full text]
Evidence >> Resources >> Reporting Quality (1)
Randomization and baseline comparisons in clinical trials. Altman D, Dore C. Lancet 1990: 335; 149 - 153.
Evidence >> Top Ten (1)
ALLHAT: setting the record straight. Davis BR, Furberg CD, Wright JT, Jr., Cutler JA, Whelton P. Ann Intern Med 2004: 141(1); 39-46. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 1) Getting Started (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. I. How to get started. Oxman A, Sackett D, Guyatt G. JAMA 1993: 270(17); 2093-5.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 2A) Therapy (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention: A. Are the results of the study valid? Guyatt G, Sackett D, Cook D. JAMA 1993: 270(21); 2598-2601.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 2B) Therapy (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention: B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Guyatt G, Sackett D, Cook D. JAMA 1994: 271(1); 59-63.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 3A) Diagnostic (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett D. JAMA 1994: 271(5); 389-91. [Medline]
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 3B) Diagnostic (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett D. JAMA 1994: 271(9); 703-7. [Medline]
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 4) Harm (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: IV. How to use an article about harm. Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V. JAMA 1994: 271(20); 1615-9.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 5) Prognosis (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: V. How to use an article about prognosis. Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson W, Tugwell P. JAMA 1994: 272(3); 234-7.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 6) Overview (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: VI. How to use an overview. Oxman A, Cook D, Guyatt G. JAMA 1994: 272(17); 1367-71.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 7A) Clinical Decision Analysis (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. A. Are the results of the study valid? Richardson W, Detsky A. JAMA 1995: 273(16); 1292-5.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 7B) Clinical Decision Analysis (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis: B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Richardson W, Detsky A. JAMA 1995: 273(20); 1610-3.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 8A) Clinical Practice Guidelines (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. A. Are the recommendations valid? Hayward R, Wilson M, Tunis S, Bass E, Guyatt G. JAMA 1995: 274(7); 570-4.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 8B) Clinical Practice Guidelines (2)
Users' guides to the medical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. What are the recommendations, and will they help you in caring for your patients? Hayward R, Tunis S, Wilson M, Bass E, Guyatt G. JAMA 1995: 274(20); 1630-2.
Users' guides to the medical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. What are the recommendations, and will they help you in caring for your patients? Wilson M, Hayward R, Tunis S, Bass E, Guyatt G. JAMA 1995: 274(20); 1630-2.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> ( 9) Health Care Recommendations (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. Guyatt G, Sackett D, Sinclair J, Hayward R, Cook D, Cook R. JAMA 1995: 274(22); 1800-4.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> (10) Health Services Outcomes (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. X. How to use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services. Naylor C, Guyatt G. JAMA 1996: 275(7); 554-8.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> (11) Clinical Utilization Review (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature. XI. How to use an article about a clinical utilization review. Naylor C, Guyatt G. JAMA 1996: 275(18); 1435-9.
Evidence >> Users Guides >> (12) Quality of Life (2)
Users' guides to the medical literature. XII How to use ar