Key References
Here is the list of some of the references that I might end up using in my book, "Statistical Evidence.".
Ask >> Alternating Treatments (3)
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
The Psychic Staring Effect: An Artifact of Pseudo Randomization. Marks DF, Colwell J. Skeptical Inquirer 2000: 24(5); 41-44 and 49.
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Ask >> Bonferroni (1)
Methods of correcting for multiple testing: operating characteristics. Brown BW, Russell K. Statistics in Medicine 1997: 16(22); 2511-28.
Ask >> Bonferroni correction (6)
Multiple significance tests and the Bonferroni correction. Bland M. Accessed on 2002-12/31/03. www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/Statistics/Multiple_significance_tests_and_the_Bonferroni_correction.htm
Assessing cause and effect from trials: a cautionary note. Howel D, Bhopal R. Control Clin Trials 1994: 15(5); 331-4. [Medline]
Multiple Comparisons Theory and Methods. Hsu JC (1996) London: Chapman & Hall.
Simultaneous Statistical Inference Second Edition. Miller RG (1981) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Multiple comparisons and related issues in the interpretation of epidemiologic data. Savitz D. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995: 142(9); 904-07.
False positive outcomes and design characteristics in occupational cancer epidemiology studies. Swaen GG, Teggeler O, van Amelsvoort LG. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 948-54. [Medline]
Ask >> Causation (2)
Epidemiology Kept Simple An Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Gerstman BB (1998) New York: Wiley-Liss.
Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson DW (1996) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ask >> Flaws (1)
Biases in the interpretation and use of research results. MacCoun R. Annu Rev Psychol 1998: 49; 259-87. [Full text] [PDF]
Ask >> NNT (1)
Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7200); 1730-1737. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Antihistamine Editorial (9)
Editorials and Conflicts of Interest. Angell M, Kassirer JP. N Engl J Med 1996: 335(14); 1055-1056. [Medline] [Full text]
Why Review Articles on the Health Effects of Passive Smoking Reach Different Conclusions. Barnes DE, Bero LA. JAMA 1998: 279(19); 1566-1570. [Medline] [Abstract]
The publication of sponsored symposiums in medical journals. Bero LA, Galbraith A, Rennie D. N Engl J Med 1992: 327(16); 1135-40. [Medline] [Abstract]
The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients. Bodian CA, Freedman G, Hossain S, Eisenkraft JB, Beilin Y. Anesthesiology 2001: 95(6); 1356-61. [Medline]
How well is the clinical importance of study results reported? An assessment of randomized controlled trials. Chan KB, Man-Son-Hing M, Molnar FJ, Laupacis A. Cmaj 2001: 165(9); 1197-202. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Problem is greater than editorial indicates. Kristiansen IS. BMJ 2003: 326(7394); 883-. [Full text]
Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Ann Emerg Med 2001: 37(1); 28-31. [Medline]
Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. Stelfox HT, Chua G, O. Rourke K, Detsky AS. N Engl J Med 1998: 338(2); 101-6. [Medline]
Randomised controlled trial of homeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. Taylor MA, Reilly D, Llewellyn-Jones RH, McSharry C, Aitchison TC. BMJ 2000: 321; 471-476. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Apples (38)
Statistics as Principled Argument. Abelson RP (1995) Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0805805281. [BookFinder4U link]
Home versus hospital deliveries: follow up study of matched pairs for procedures and outcome. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Voegeli T, Gunter-Witt K, Kunz I, Zullig M, Schindler C, Maurer M, Team ZS. BMJ 1996: 313(7068); 1313-1318. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
A controlled trial of immunotherapy for asthma in allergic children. Adkinson NF, Jr., Eggleston PA, Eney D, Goldstein EO, Schuberth KC, Bacon JR, Hamilton RG, Weiss ME, Arshad H, Meinert CL, Tonascia J, Wheeler B. New England Journal of Medicine 1997: 336(5); 324-31. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Are sex and death related? Study failed to adjust for an important confounder [letter; comment]. Batty D. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7145); 1671; discussion 1672. [Full text]
Uresolved Health Issues. Blackburn RD, Cunkelman JA, Zlidar VM. Accessed on 2003-10-06. www.infoforhealth.org/pr/a9/a9chap5.shtml
Randomised crossover trial comparing the performance of Clinical Terms Version 3 and Read Codes 5 byte set coding schemes in general practice. Brown PJ, Warmington V, Laurence M, Prevost AT. Bmj 2003: 326(7399); 1127. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women. Bryant HE, Visser N, Love EJ. American Journal of Public Health 1989: 79(1); 78-80. [Medline]
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976: 73(10); 3685-9. [Medline]
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Maternal smoking and Down syndrome: the confounding effect of maternal age. Chen CL, Gilbert TJ, Daling JR. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 442-6.
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000: 342(25); 1887-1892. [Medline]
A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data: Application to Cancer of the Lung, Breast and Cervix. Cornfield J. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1951: 11; 1423-4.
Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study. Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Bmj 1999: 319(7218); 1157-62. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. Drew S, Davies E. Bmj 2001: 322(7278); 73. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
How to evaluate and improve the quality and credibility of an outcomes database: validation and feedback study on the UK Cardiac Surgery Experience. Fine LG, Keogh BE, Cretin S, Orlando M, Gould MM. BMJ 2003: 326(7379); 25-28. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Hassan MA, Killick SR. Fertil Steril 2003: 79 Suppl 3; 2-9. [Medline]
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1491-1499. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Workforce retention in rural and remote Australia: determining the factors that influence length of practice. Humphreys JS, Jones MP, Jones JA, Mara PR. Med J Aust 2002: 176(10); 472-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Evaluation of the performance and clinical impact of a rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in conjunction with preoperative imaging and concise parathyroidectomy. Johnson LR, Doherty G, Lairmore T, Moley JF, Brunt LM, Koenig J, Scott MG. Clin Chem 2001: 47(5); 919-25. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
"The 60-Minutes-Myocardial Infarction Project": Comparison with a Registry and a Randomized Clinical Trial. Koch A, Hörmann A, Löwel H, Senges J, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/koch.htm
Heparinized saline versus normal saline in maintaining patency of the radial artery catheter. Kulkarni M, Elsner C, Ouellet D, Zeldin R. Can J Surg 1994: 37(1); 37-42. [Medline]
Problems of Randomized Controlled Trails (RCT) in Surgery. Lefering R, Neugebauer E, Published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies in Heidelberg, April 10 -11,1997. Accessed on 2003-06-30. www.symposion.com/nrccs/lefering.htm
Truths about the NINDS study: setting the record straight. Mann J. West J Med 2002: 176(3); 192-194. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel C. New England Journal of Medicine 1985: 312(3); 137-141. [Medline]
The disappearance of Reye's syndrome--a public health triumph. Monto AS. N Engl J Med 1999: 340(18); 1423-4. [Medline]
The association between secondhand smoke and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes, among non-smokers, under the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors: The CARDIO2000 case-control study. Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Papaioannou I, Skoumas J, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. BMC Public Health 2002: 2(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Benefit of heparin in peripheral venous and arterial catheters: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Andrew M. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7136); 969-75. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
The way forward for clinical research. Rawlins SM, Published by Pharmafocus on June 2, 2003. Accessed on 2005-2-22. http://www.pharmafocus.com/cda/focusH/1,2109,22-0-0-0-focus_feature_detail-0-75778,00.html
Baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. Roberts C, Torgerson D. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7203); 185. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Are randomized control trial outcomes influenced by the inclusion of a placebo group? a systematic review of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug trials for arthritis treatment. Rochon PA, Binns MA, Litner JA, Litner GM, Fischbach MS, Eisenberg D, Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Chalmers TC. J Clin Epidemiol 1999: 52(2); 113-22. [Medline]
Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Sackett DL. Lancet 1997: 349(9051); 570; discussion 572-3. [Medline]
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Fat chance: diet and ischemic stroke [editorial; comment]. Sherwin R, Price TR. Jama 1997: 278(24); 2185-6. [Medline]
Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7123); 1641-1644. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. Steptoe A, Doherty S, Rink E, Kerry S, Kendrick T, Hilton S. Bmj 1999: 319(7215); 943-7; discussion 947-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Design issues in case-control studies. Wacholder S. Stat Methods Med Res 1995: 4(4); 293-309. [Medline]
Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. Yoshioka A. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1220-1223. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 1 (7)
A controlled trial of immunotherapy for asthma in allergic children. Adkinson NF, Jr., Eggleston PA, Eney D, Goldstein EO, Schuberth KC, Bacon JR, Hamilton RG, Weiss ME, Arshad H, Meinert CL, Tonascia J, Wheeler B. New England Journal of Medicine 1997: 336(5); 324-31. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Lancet 1989: 1(8652); 1435-9. [Medline]
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1491-1499. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Sackett DL. Lancet 1997: 349(9051); 570; discussion 572-3. [Medline]
Fat chance: diet and ischemic stroke [editorial; comment]. Sherwin R, Price TR. Jama 1997: 278(24); 2185-6. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 2 (5)
Dangers of using "optimal" cutpoints in the evaluation of prognostic factors. Altman DG, Lausen B, Sauerbrei W, Schumacher M. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994: 86(11); 829-35. [Medline]
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL, Jr., Park HK, Sanders BB, Jr., Smith CL, Taylor JR. Jama 1996: 276(24); 1957-63. [Medline]
Assessing cause and effect from trials: a cautionary note. Howel D, Bhopal R. Control Clin Trials 1994: 15(5); 331-4. [Medline]
Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States). Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cancer Causes Control 1994: 5(2); 141-8. [Medline]
Ozone Depletion, History and politics. Sparling B. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/history.html
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 3 (8)
Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Beyerstein BL. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); [Full text]
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Lancet 1989: 1(8652); 1435-9. [Medline]
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Removing bias in surgical trials. Johnson AG, Dixon JM. British Medical Journal 1997: 314(7085); 916-7. [Medline] [Full text]
An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach. Nelemans PJ, Rampen FH, Ruiter DJ, Verbeek AL. J Clin Epidemiol 1995: 48(11); 1331-42. [Medline]
Inconsistencies and Errors in Alternative Medicine Research. Sampson W. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); 35-38.
Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled trials: survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and gynaecology. Schulz KF, Grimes DA, Altman DG, Hayes RJ. BMJ 1996: 312(7033); 742-744. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 4 (1)
The healthy control subject in psychiatric research: impulsiveness and volunteer bias. Gustavsson JP, Asberg M, Schalling D. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997: 96(5); 325-8. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 5 (1)
The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, West SL, Morse ML. Arch Intern Med 1987: 147(1); 85-8. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 6 (4)
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976: 73(10); 3685-9. [Medline]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel C. New England Journal of Medicine 1985: 312(3); 137-141. [Medline]
Observational Studies. Rosenbaum P (1995) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. Smith TA, House RF, Jr., Croghan IT, Gauvin TR, Colligan RC, Offord KP, Gomez-Dahl LC, Hurt RD. Pediatrics 1996: 98(4 Pt 1); 659-67. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Jour1999-08 >> Chapter 8 (2)
The Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes. Cox P. Accessed on 2003-06-10. www.mathmistakes.com/
Some Remarks on Wild Observations. Kruskal WH. Accessed on 2002-11-27. www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/out.htm
Bibliography >> Leftout (19)
Unjustified exclusion of elderly people from studies submitted to research ethics committee for approval: descriptive study. Bayer A, Tadd W. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7267); 992-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
A genetic bias in clinical trials? Cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype in general vs selected healthy subject populations [letter]. Chen S, Kumar S, Chou WH, Barrett JS, Wedlund PJ. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997: 44(3); 303-4. [Medline]
Influence of Adherence Treatment and Response of Cholesterol on Mortality in the Coronary Drug Project. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. New England Journal of Med 1980: 303(18); 1038-1041. [Medline] [Abstract]
Risk Factor Changes after Cessation of Intervention in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Cutler JA, Grandits GA, Grimm RH, Thomas HE, Billings JH, Wright NH. Preventive Medicine 1991: 20(2); 183-196. [Medline]
A comparison of cigarette smokers recruited through the Internet or by mail. Etter JF, Perneger TV. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 521-5. [Medline]
The healthy control subject in psychiatric research: impulsiveness and volunteer bias. Gustavsson JP, Asberg M, Schalling D. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997: 96(5); 325-8. [Medline]
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. Hollis S, Campbell F. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7211); 670-674. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Treatment adherence and risk of death after a myocardial infarction. Horwitz RI, Viscoli CM, Berkman L, Donaldson RM, Horwitz SM, Murray CJ, Ransohoff DF, Sindelar J. Lancet 1990: 336(8714); 542-5. [Medline]
Assessing the generalizability of smoking studies. Hughes JR, Giovino GA, Klevens RM, Fiore MC. Addiction 1997: 92(4); 469-72. [Medline] [Abstract]
AAP Washington Office Testimony: Off-Label Drug Use. Kauffman R. Accessed on 2002-12-13. www.aap.org/advocacy/washing/offlabel.htm
Estimation of gender bias in clinical trials. Meinert CL, Gilpin AK. Stat Med 2001: 20(8); 1153-64. [Medline]
Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. Physicians' Health Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1989: 321(3); 129-35. [Medline]
Gender bias in clinical trials: do double standards still apply? Ramasubbu K, Gurm H, Litaker D. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001: 10(8); 757-64. [Medline]
Comorbidity of chronic diseases in general practice. Schellevis FG, van der Velden J, van de Lisdonk E, van Eijk JT, van Weel C. J Clin Epidemiol 1993: 46(5); 469-73. [Medline]
Are placebo run ins justified? Senn S. Bmj 1997: 314(7088); 1191-3. [Medline] [Full text]
Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. Smith TA, House RF, Jr., Croghan IT, Gauvin TR, Colligan RC, Offord KP, Gomez-Dahl LC, Hurt RD. Pediatrics 1996: 98(4 Pt 1); 659-67. [Medline]
What are the characteristics of general practitioners who routinely do not return postal questionnaires: a cross sectional study. Stocks N, Gunnell D. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000: 54(12); 940-1. [Medline]
Volunteer bias in sexuality research. Strassberg DS, Lowe K. Arch Sex Behav 1995: 24(4); 369-82. [Medline]
The Effect of School Dropout Rates on Estimates of Adolescent Substance Use among Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. Swaim RC, Beauvais F, Chavez E, Oetting E. American Journal of Public Health 1997: 87(1); 51-55. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Mountain (24)
InfoPOEMs - The Clinical Awareness System. Barry H, Ebell MH, Hume K, Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Accessed on 2003-10-07. www.infopoems.com/
Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Beyerstein BL. Skeptical Inquirer 1997: 21(5); [Full text]
Does the duration of breast feeding matter? Booth I. Bmj 2001: 322(7287); 625-6. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Relation between tumour response to first-line chemotherapy and survival in advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Buyse M, Thirion P, Carlson RW, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Piedbois P. Lancet 2000: 356(9227); 373-8. [Medline]
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL, Jr., Park HK, Sanders BB, Jr., Smith CL, Taylor JR. Jama 1996: 276(24); 1957-63. [Medline]
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Colditz G, Miller J, Mosteller F. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 441-454. [Medline]
Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials. Devereaux PJ, Manns BJ, Ghali WA, Quan H, Lacchetti C, Montori VM, Bhandari M, Guyatt GH. Jama 2001: 285(15); 2000-3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistics in Action. Gail MH. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1996: 91(433); 1-13.
Journals should see original protocols for clinical trials. Hawkey CJ. BMJ 2001: 323(7324); 1309-. [Medline] [Full text]
Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC. N Engl J Med 2001: 344(21); 1594-602. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Removing bias in surgical trials. Johnson AG, Dixon JM. British Medical Journal 1997: 314(7085); 916-7. [Medline] [Full text]
Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Bmj 2003: 326(7404); 1423. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Duration of breast feeding and arterial distensibility in early adult life: population based study. Leeson CP, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield JE, Lucas A. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7287); 643-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Interim analyses of data as they accumulate in laboratory experimentation. Ludbrook J. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003: 3(1); 15. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Longitudinal impact of a youth tobacco education program. Mahoney MC, Bauer JE, Tumiel L, McMullen S, Schieder J, Pikuzinski D. BMC Fam Pract 2002: 3(1); 3. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach. Nelemans PJ, Rampen FH, Ruiter DJ, Verbeek AL. J Clin Epidemiol 1995: 48(11); 1331-42. [Medline]
The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Noseworthy JH, Ebers GC, Vandervoort MK, Farquhar RE, Yetisir E, Roberts R. Neurology 1994: 44(1); 16-20. [Medline]
Evidence for the Factorial and Construct Validity of a Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale. Piland SG, Motl RW, Ferrara MS, Peterson CL. J Athl Train 2003: 38(2); 104-112. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Celestial determinants of success in research. Pollex R, Hegele B, Ban MR. Cmaj 2001: 165(12); 1584. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States). Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cancer Causes Control 1994: 5(2); 141-8. [Medline]
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
The Landscape and Lexicon of Blinding in Randomized Trials. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002: 136(3); 254-259. [Medline]
Experimenter Effects in Scientific Research: How Widely Are They Neglected? Sheldrake R. 1998: 12(1); 73-78. [Abstract] [PDF]
False positive outcomes and design characteristics in occupational cancer epidemiology studies. Swaen GG, Teggeler O, van Amelsvoort LG. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(5); 948-54. [Medline]
Bibliography >> Overview (9)
Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists. Best J (2001) Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN: 0520219783. [BookFinder4U link]
Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice. Center for Health Evidence. Accessed on 2003-09-02. www.cche.net/usersguides/main.asp
Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trails. Elwood MJ (1998) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Interpreting the Medical Literature Third Edition. Gehlbach SH (1993) New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0071054510. [BookFinder4U link]
Evaluating Research Articles from Start to Finish. Girden ER (2001) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 0761922148. [BookFinder4U link]
Statistical Reasoning in Medicine. The Intuitive P-Value Primer. Moye LA (2000) New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 0387989331. [BookFinder4U link]
Studying a Study and Testing a Test: How to Read the Health Science Literature Third Edition. Riegelman RK, Hirsch RP (1996) Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN: 0316745219. [BookFinder4U link]
Evidence-based Medicine How to Practice and Teach EBM. Sackett DL, MD, Richardson SW, Rosenberg W, Haynes BR (1998) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0443056862. [BookFinder4U link]
Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years. Thornley B, Adams C. British Medical Journal 1998: 317(7167); 1181-1184. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Bibliography >> Simon (1)
When should cranial magnetic resonance imaging be used in girls with early sexual development? Grunt J, Midyett L, Simon S, Lowe L. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004: 17(5); 775-780. [Medline]
Definitions >> Kappa (1)
Differences in diagnostic criteria for gastric carcinoma between Japanese and western pathologists. Schlemper RJ, Itabashi M, Kato Y, Lewin KJ, Riddell RH, Shimoda T, Sipponen P, Stolte M, Watanabe H, Takahashi H, Fujita R. Lancet 1997: 349(9067); 1725-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Definitions >> Kappa >> Example (2)
Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM, Jr., Konduri GG. Pediatrics 2001: 107(3); 519-23.
Does how you do depend on how you think you'll do? A systematic review of the evidence for a relation between patients' recovery expectations and health outcomes. Mondloch MV, Cole DC, Frank JW. Cmaj 2001: 165(2); 174-9.
Definitions >> Likelihood (2)
Scientific Versus Statistical Inference. Dixon P, O'Reilly T. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 1999: 53(2); 133 - 149.
Sifting the evidence. Likelihood ratios are alternatives to P values. Perneger TV. British Medical Journal 2001: 322(7295); 1184-5. [Full text]
Definitions >> Measurement Scales (1)
Data Levels and Measurement. Garson GD, North Carolina State University. Accessed on 2003-11-19. www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/datalevl.htm
Details >> Acknowledgment (1)
Synaptopodin expression in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Srivastava T, Garola RE, Whiting JM, Alon US. Kidney Int 2001: 59(1); 118-25. [Medline]
Details >> Resume (4)
Optimization of cytochrome p450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotype assignment using a genotyping algorithm based on allele frequency data. Gaedigk R, Gotschall R, Forbes N, Simon S, Kearns G, Leeder J. Pharmacogenetics 1999: 9(6); 669-682. [Medline]
Creatinine excretion rates for renal clearance studies. Hellerstein S, Simon SD, Berenbom M, Erwin P, Nickell E. Pediatr Nephrol 2001: 16(8); 637-43. [Medline] [Abstract]
Pulmonary reactivity to vanadium pentoxide following subchronic inhalation exposure in a non-human primate animal model. Knecht EA, Moorman WJ, Clark JC, Hull RD, Biagini RE, Lynch DW, Boyle TJ, Simon SD. J Appl Toxicol 1992: 12(6); 427-34. [Medline]
Understanding the odds ratio and the relative risk. Simon SD. J Androl 2001: 22(4); 533-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Example (3)
Systematic 5 region prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate. Eskew LA, Bare RL, McCullough DL. J Urol 1997: 157(1); 199-202; discussion 202-3. [Medline]
Differences in diagnostic criteria for gastric carcinoma between Japanese and western pathologists. Schlemper RJ, Itabashi M, Kato Y, Lewin KJ, Riddell RH, Shimoda T, Sipponen P, Stolte M, Watanabe H, Takahashi H, Fujita R. Lancet 1997: 349(9067); 1725-9. [Medline] [Abstract]
Is This Child Dehydrated? Steiner MJ, MD, DeWalt DA, MD, MPH, Byerley JS, MD, MPH. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004: 291(22); 2746-54. [Medline] [Abstract]
Diagnostic >> Examples (1)
Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence. Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J. Health Technology Assessment 1997: 1(12); 1-62. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Guidelines (2)
Toward a checklist for reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy of medical tests. Bruns DE, Huth EJ, Magid E, Young DS. Clinical Chemistry 2000: 46(7); 893-5. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Deeks JJ. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7305); 157-62. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Guidelines >> Screening (1)
Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Barratt A, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Cumming RG, Raffle A, Hicks N, Gray JA, Guyatt GH. Jama 1999: 281(21); 2029-34. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Likelihood Ratio (1)
Signs and Symptoms Predict Thyroid Disease. Bandolier. Accessed on 2003-09-08. www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band46/b46-5.html
Diagnostic >> Likelihood Ratio >> Example (7)
Measurement of markers of tobacco smoking in patients with coronary heart disease. Archbold GP, Cupples ME, McKnight A, Linton T. Ann Clin Biochem 1995: 32 (Pt 2); 201-7. [Medline]
Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults? Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Jama 1997: 277(21); 1712-9. [Medline]
Predictive ability of a predischarge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns. Bhutani VK, Johnson L, Sivieri EM. Pediatrics 1999: 103(1); 6-14. [Medline] [Abstract]
The diagnostic accuracy of cervico-vaginal fetal fibronectin in predicting preterm delivery: an overview. Chien PF, Khan KS, Ogston S, Owen P. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997: 104(4); 436-44. [Medline]
Does this patient have carpal tunnel syndrome? D'Arcy CA, McGee S. Jama 2000: 283(23); 3110-7. [Medline] [Abstract]
Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. J Gen Intern Med 1992: 7(2); 145-53. [Medline]
Use of Metabolic Markers To Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Ann Intern Med 2003: 139(10); 802 -809. [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Meta-analysis (3)
Simpson's paradox and calculation of number needed to treat from meta-analysis. Cates CJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 1. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Reporting of measures of accuracy in systematic reviews of diagnostic literature. Honest H, Khan KS. BMC Health Serv Res 2002: 2(1); 4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Pooling data for number needed to treat: no problems for apples. Moore RA, Gavaghan DJ, Edwards JE, Wiffen P, McQuay HJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 2. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Overview (2)
Linking Evidence-Based Medicine Therapeutic Summary Measures to Clinical Decision Analysis. Djulbegovic B, Hozo I, Lyman GH, Published in Medscape General Medicine (2000), Vol. 2, No. 1. Accessed on 2005-01-03. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/403613
Diagnostic accuracy in cytopathology. Raab SS. Diagn Cytopathol 1994: 10(1); 68-75. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Pre-test Probability (2)
Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions: a meta-analysis. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ. Thorax 1999: 54(10); 884-93. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Tests for Helicobacter pylori infection: a critical appraisal from primary care. Roberts AP, Childs SM, Rubin G, de Wit NJ. Fam Pract 2000: 17 Suppl 2; S12-20. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Resources (1)
Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. Deville WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, De Vet HC, Van Der Windt DA, Bezemer P. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002: 2(1); 9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> ROC curve >> Resources (1)
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Literature Research. Zou KH, Harvard Medical School. Accessed on 2003-09-08. splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000/pages/ppl/zou/roc.html
Diagnostic >> Screening (2)
Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Olsen O, Gotzsche PC. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: (4); CD001877. [Medline]
Women need better information about routine mammography. Thornton H, Edwards A, Baum M. Bmj 2003: 327(7406); 101-3. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Screening >> Example (7)
Percentage of free prostate-specific antigen in sera predicts aggressiveness of prostate cancer a decade before diagnosis. Carter HB, Partin AW, Luderer AA, Metter EJ, Landis P, Chan DW, Fozard JL, Pearson JD. Urology 1997: 49(3); 379-84. [Medline]
Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable? [Commentary: a compilation of comments RE:Assessment of nationwide cancer-screening programmes]. Gotzsche P, Olsen O. The Lancet 2000: 355(9198); 129-34. [Medline]
Protective effect of faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer: worse prognosis for screening refusers. Niv Y, Lev-El M, Fraser G, Abuksis G, Tamir A. Gut 2002: 50(1); 33-37. [Medline] [Abstract]
Neuroblastoma Screening at One Year of Age. Schilling FH, Spix C, Berthold F, Erttmann R, Fehse N, Hero B, Klein G, Sander J, Schwarz K, Treuner J, Zorn U, Michaelis J. N Engl J Med 2002: 346(14); 1047-1053. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult. Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Kewenter J, Weller D, Silagy C. Bmj 1998: 317(7158); 559-65. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Can the initial clinical assessment of thyroid function be improved? White GH, Walmsley RN. Lancet 1978: 2(8096); 933-5. [Medline]
Review: 4 clinical tests most accurately predict poor outcome in patients with anoxic-ischemic coma. Zandbergen E. ACP Journal Club 1999: 131(1); 22.
Diagnostic >> Sn Sp >> Example (1)
The predictive value of diagonal ear-lobe crease sign. Motamed M, Pelekoudas N. Int J Clin Pract 1998: 52(5); 305-6. [Medline]
Diagnostic >> Sn Sp >> Stability (1)
Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Deeks JJ. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7305); 157-62. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Diagnostic >> Spectrum Bias (2)
Specificity of MR angiography as a confirmatory test of carotid artery stenosis. Kallmes DF, Omary RA, Dix JE, Evans AJ, Hillman BJ. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996: 17(8); 1501-6. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS. Ann Intern Med 1992: 117(2); 135-40. [Medline]
Epidemiology >> Resources (3)
Epidemiology Kept Simple An Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Gerstman BB (1998) New York: Wiley-Liss.
Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson DW (1996) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Epidemiology faces its limits. Taubes G. Science 1995: 269(5221); 164-9. [Medline] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustment (33)
Are sex and death related? Study failed to adjust for an important confounder [letter; comment]. Batty D. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7145); 1671; discussion 1672. [Full text]
Choosing covariates in the analysis of clinical trials. Beach ML, Meier P. Controlled Clinical Trials 1989: 10(4 Suppl); 161S-175S. [Medline]
Suspended judgment. Significance tests of covariate imbalance in clinical trials. Begg CB. Control Clin Trials 1990: 11(4); 223-5. [Medline]
Conditions for confounding of the risk ratio and of the odds ratio. Boivin JF, Wacholder S. American Journal Epidemiology 1985: 121(1); 152-8. [Medline]
Maternal smoking and Down syndrome: the confounding effect of maternal age. Chen CL, Gilbert TJ, Daling JR. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 442-6.
Look before You Leap: Stratify before You Standardize. Choi BCK. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999: 149(12); 1087-1095.
Characteristics of good causation studies. Daya S. Semin Reprod Med 2003: 21(1); 73-84. [Medline]
A summary statistic for measuring change from baseline. Donahue RM. J Biopharm Stat 1997: 7(2); 287-99. [Medline]
Sexual intercourse and risk of ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease: the Caerphilly study. Ebrahim S, May M, Ben Shlomo Y, McCarron P, Frankel S, Yarnell J, Davey Smith G. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002: 56(2); 99-102. [Medline]
Presenting statistical uncertainty in trends and dose-response relations. Greenland S, Michels K, Robins J, Poole C, Willett W. AJE 1999: 149(12); 1077-86.
Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding. Greenland S, Robins JM. Int J Epidemiol 1986: 15(3); 413-9.
Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Hassan MA, Killick SR. Fertil Steril 2003: 79 Suppl 3; 2-9. [Medline]
Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Confounding Evaluation: An Application to Birth Defects Epidemiology. Hernán MA, Sonia Hernández-Díaz2, Martha M. Werler2 and Allen A. Mitchell2. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(2); 176-184.
Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, McGee DL. Epidemiology 1997: 8(6); 621-8.
The impact of covariate imbalance on the size of the logrank test in randomized clinical trials. Kinukawa N, Nakamura T, Akazawa K, Nose Y. Stat Med 2000: 19(15); 1955-67. [Medline]
META-ANALYSIS Dose-specific Meta-Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis of the Relation between Alcohol Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk. Korte JE, Brennan P, Henley SJ, Boffetta P. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(6); 496-506.
How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. Am J Psychiatry 2001: 158(6); 848-56. [Medline]
Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Kraemer HC, Wilson GT, Fairburn CG, Agras WS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002: 59(10); 877-83. [Medline]
What random assignment does and does not do. Krause MS, Howard KI. J Clin Psychol 2003: 59(7); 751-66. [Medline]
Properties of simple randomization in clinical trials. Lachin JM. Control Clin Trials 1988: 9(4); 312-26. [Medline]
Statistical properties of randomization in clinical trials. Lachin JM. Control Clin Trials 1988: 9(4); 289-311. [Medline]
Assessing non-consent bias with parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. Marcus SM. J Clin Epidemiol 1997: 50(7); 823-8. [Medline]
Covariate imbalance and conditional size: dependence on model-based adjustments. Maxwell SE. Stat Med 1993: 12(2); 101-9. [Medline]
Testing for imbalance of covariates in controlled experiments. Permutt T. Stat Med 1990: 9(12); 1455-62. [Medline]
Baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. Roberts C, Torgerson D. British Medical Journal 1999: 319(7203); 185. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology. Salas M, Hofman A, Stricker B. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999: 149(11); 981-3.
Covariate imbalance and random allocation in clinical trials. Senn SJ. Stat Med 1989: 8(4); 467-75. [Medline]
Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. British Medical Journal 1997: 315(7123); 1641-1644. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction: Should we adjust for baseline characteristics? Steyerberg EW, Bossuyt PMM, Lee KL. American Heart Journal 2000: 139(5); 745-751.
Research Methods: Why Covariance? A Rationale for Using Analysis of Covariance Procedures in Randomized Studies. Taylor MJ. Journal of Early Intervention 1993: 17(4); 455-466.
Patient volume, staffing, and workload in relation to risk-adjusted outcomes in a random stratified sample of UK neonatal intensive care units: a prospective evaluation. Tucker J, UK Neonatal Staffing Study Group. Lancet 2002: 359; 99-107. [Medline]
The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study. Vickers AJ. BMC Med Res Methodol 2001: 1(1); 6. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
A comparison of direct adjustment and regression adjustment of epidemiologic measures. Wilcosky TC, Chambless LE. J Chronic Dis 1985: 38(10); 849-56.
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustment >> Measurement Errors (1)
When measurement errors correlate with truth: surprising effects of nondifferential misclassification. Wacholder S. Epidemiology 1995: 6(2); 157-61. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Adjustments >> Residual Confounding (2)
Risk of adverse birth outcomes in populations living near landfill sites. Elliott P, Briggs D, Morris S, de Hoogh C, Hurt C, Jensen TK, Maitland I, Richardson S, Wakefield J, Jarup L. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7309); 363-8.
Is Residual Confounding a Reasonable Explanation for the Apparent Protective Effects of Beta-carotene Found in Epidemiologic Studies of Lung Cancer in Smokers? Stram DO, Huberman M, Wu AH. Am. J of Epidemiology 2002: 155(7); 622-628.
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control (31)
Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB. New England Journal of Medicine 1999: 340(18); 1377-82. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985: 122(5); 904-14.
A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. N Engl J Med 1997: 337(21); 1485-90. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Reye's syndrome. Casteels-Van Daele M, Van Geet C, Wouters C, Eggermont E. Lancet 2001: 358(9278); 334. [Medline]
A nested case-control study of the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer: research design. Concato J, Peduzzi P, Kamina A, Horwitz RI. J Clin Epidemiol 2001: 54(6); 558-64. [Medline]
A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data: Application to Cancer of the Lung, Breast and Cervix. Cornfield J. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1951: 11; 1423-4.
Choosing cases and controls: the clinical epidemiology of "clinical investigation". Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. J Clin Invest 1988: 81(1); 1-5. [Medline]
On choosing the control group in case-control studies. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1983: 36(4); 311-3. [Medline]
An analysis of Berkson's bias in case-control studies. Feinstein AR, Walter SD, Horwitz RI. J Chronic Dis 1986: 39(7); 495-504. [Medline]
The case-control study. A practical review for the clinician. Hayden GF, Kramer MS, Horwitz RI. Jama 1982: 247(3); 326-31. [Medline]
Analysis of clinical susceptibility bias in case-control studies. Analysis as illustrated by the menopausal syndrome and the risk of endometrial cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1979: 139(10); 1111-3. [Medline]
Community surveillance bias and the estrogen-endometrial cancer dispute. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. CA Cancer J Clin 1979: 29(4); 252-6. [Medline]
Experimental trials and case-control studies in the analysis of causality. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Pathol Res Pract 1982: 174(3); 198-220. [Medline]
Methodologic standards and contradictory results in case-control research. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Am J Med 1979: 66(4); 556-64. [Medline]
The problem of "protopathic bias" in case-control studies. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Am J Med 1980: 68(2); 255-8. [Medline]
Case-control research. Temporal precedence and other problems of the exposure-disease relationship. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Harvey MR. Arch Intern Med 1984: 144(6); 1257-9. [Medline]
Alternative data sources and discrepant results in case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Stremlau JR. Am J Epidemiol 1980: 111(4); 389-94. [Medline]
Clinical complexity and epidemiologic uncertainty in case-control research. Fenoterol and asthma management. Horwitz RI, Spitzer W, Buist S, Cockcroft D, Ernst P, Habbick B, Hemmelgarn B, McNutt M, Rebuck AS, Suissa S. Chest 1991: 100(6); 1586-91. [Medline]
Scientific standards and the design of case-control research. Imperiale TF, Horwitz RI. Biomed Pharmacother 1989: 43(3); 187-96. [Medline]
Testicular cancer risk in relation to use of disposable nappies. Moller H. Arch Dis Child 2002: 86(1); 28-9. [Medline]
Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7183); 559-62.
The disappearance of Reye's syndrome--a public health triumph. Monto AS. N Engl J Med 1999: 340(18); 1423-4. [Medline]
Hospital controls versus community controls: differences in inferences regarding risk factors for hip fracture. Moritz DJ, Kelsey JL, Grisso JA. Am J Epidemiol 1997: 145(7); 653-60.
Sources of error [pdf]. Schoenbach VJ, Schildkraut J, Rosamond W, Published on epidemiolog.net May 5, 2001 and revised March 20, 2004. Accessed on 2004-www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/SourcesofError.pdf
Case-control studies: research in reverse. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 431-434. [PDF]
Sources of Bias in Studies among Infertility Clients. Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde E, Weber R, van Kooij R, Heederik D. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002: 156(1); 86-92.
Design issues in case-control studies. Wacholder S. Stat Methods Med Res 1995: 4(4); 293-309. [Medline]
Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles. Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1019-28.
Selection of controls in case-control studies. II. Types of controls. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1029-41.
Selection of controls in case-control studies. III. Design options. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Am J Epidemiol 1992: 135(9); 1042-50.
Are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome different at night? Williams SM, Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ. Arch Dis Child 2002: 87(4); 274-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Example (1)
Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a case-control study. Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Narod SA, Brunet JS, Ghadirian P, Robson M, Heimdal K, Neuhausen SL, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Lerman C, Pasini B, de los Rios P, Weber B, Lynch H. Lancet 2000: 356(9245); 1876-81.
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Neyman bias (1)
Breast carcinomas arising in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: are they prognostically different? Phillips KA, Andrulis IL, Goodwin PJ. J Clin Oncol 1999: 17(11); 3653-63. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Control >> Weaknesses (3)
Dietary fat and breast cancer risks. An epidemiologic perspective. Howe GR. Cancer 1994: 74(3 Suppl); 1078-84.
A collection of 56 topics with contradictory results in case-control research. Mayes LC, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Int J Epidemiol 1988: 17(3); 680-5. [Medline]
Case-control study, meta-analysis, and bouillabaisse: putting the calcium antagonist scare into context. Messerli FH. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123(11); 888-9. [Medline] [Full text]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case Studies (3)
Case studies, single-subject research, and N of 1 randomized trials: comparisons and contrasts. Backman CL, Harris SR. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999: 78(2); 170-6. [Medline]
The value of single-case research. Millard SK. Int J Lang Commun Disord 1998: 33 Suppl; 370-3. [Medline]
Single case research in mental health. Ricketts T. Nurs Times 1998: 94(23); 52-5. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Case-Control >> Weaknesses (1)
Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women. Bryant HE, Visser N, Love EJ. American Journal of Public Health 1989: 79(1); 78-80. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Casecontrol >> Example (1)
Tongue lesions in psoriasis: a controlled study. Daneshpazhooh M, Moslehi H, Akhyani M, Etesami M. BMC Dermatol 2004: 4(1); 16. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster (2)
Extending the CONSORT statement to cluster randomized trials: for discussion. Elbourne DR, Campbell MK. Stat Med 2001: 20(3); 489-96. [Medline]
The intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomisation. Kerry SM, Bland JM. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7142); 1455.
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster >> Example (2)
Preventing injuries in children: cluster randomised controlled trials in primary care. Kendrick D, Marsh P, Fielding K, Miller P. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7189); 980-83. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Effect of community based management in failure to thrive: randomised controlled trial. Wright CM, Callum J, Birks E, Jarvis S. Bmj 1998: 317(7158); 571-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cluster randomization (2)
Planning for the appropriate analysis in school-based drug-use prevention studies. Murray D, Hannan P. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990: 58(4); 458-68.
Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. Steptoe A, Doherty S, Rink E, Kerry S, Kendrick T, Hilton S. Bmj 1999: 319(7215); 943-7; discussion 947-8. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cohort (1)
Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study. Will JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE. Int J Epidemiol 2001: 30(3); 540-6.
Evidence >> Apples >> Cohort >> Example (1)
Male Pattern Baldness and Coronary Heart Disease. Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000: 160(2); 165-171.
Evidence >> Apples >> Comparison of Randomized and Observational (1)
Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Ioannidis JP, Haidich AB, Pappa M, Pantazis N, Kokori SI, Tektonidou MG, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Lau J. Jama 2001: 286(7); 821-30.
Evidence >> Apples >> Concealed (1)
Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines. Schulz KF. Lancet 1996: 348(9027); 596-8. [Medline]
Evidence >> Apples >> Concealed Allocation (4)
Statistics notes: Concealing treatment allocation in randomised trials. Altman DG, Schulz KF. British Medical Journal 2001: 323(7310); 446-7.
Empirical evidence of bias dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Schulz K, Chalmers I, Hayes R, Altman D. JAMA 1995: 273(5); 408-12. [Medline]
Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 614-618. [Medline] [Abstract]
Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance not choice. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Lancet 2002: 359; 515-519.
Evidence >> Apples >> Control Group (3)
Chapter 7: The Rise of the Flow Theorists and the Fall of Science. Buchal J. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.buchal.com/tgsh/chap7/c7fn.htm
Statistical Humor. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.uwo.ca/epidem/Consulting_Services/bsuhum.htm
Evidence-based dentistry: What is it, and what does it have to do with practice? I. Anecdote vs Data? Case for Evidence-based Decision Making. Robbins JW, Neilson P, Grace M, Newman MG, Niederman R. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.quintpub.com/news.php3?current_id=7
Evidence >> Apples >> Covariate Adjustment (1)
Risk-adjusted surgical outcomes. Daley J, Henderson WG, Khuri SF. Annu Rev Med 2001: 52; 275-87.
Evidence >> Apples >> Covariate Imbalance (17)
Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. British Medical Journal 1999: 318(7176); 96-100. [Medline]
Uresolved Health Issues. Blackburn RD, Cunkelman JA, Zlidar VM. Accessed on 2003-10-06. www.infoforhealth.org/pr/a9/a9chap5.shtml
Low-weight neonatal survival paradox in the Czech Republic. Carlson E, Hoem JM. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 149(5); 447-53.
Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith H, Jr. N Engl J Med 1983: 309(22); 1358-61. [Medline]
Severity of comorbidity, not type of surgery, affects outcome of prostatectomy. Concato J, Elmore JG, Horwitz RI, Schiff SF, Feinstein AR. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1990: 103; 90-5. [Medline]
Problems of comorbidity in mortality after prostatectomy. Concato J, Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Elmore JG, Schiff SF. Jama 1992: 267(8); 1077-82. [Medline]
Differences between women and men in survival after myocardial infarction. Biology or methodology? Fiebach NH, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. Jama 1990: 263(8); 1092-6. [Medline]
Clinical auscultation skills in pediatric residents. Gaskin PR, Owens SE, Talner NS, Sanders SP, Li JS. Pediatrics 2000: 105(6); 1184-7. [Medline]
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Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Arch Intern Med 1985: 145(10); 1873-5. [Medline]
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Detection bias and relation of benign breast disease to breast cancer. Silber AL, Horwitz RI. Lancet 1986: 1(8482); 638-40. [Medline]
Oral contraception and health. Skegg DC. Bmj 1999: 318(7176); 69-70. [Medline] [Full text] [PDF]
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Evidence >> Apples >> Cross-sectional (1)
Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Mann CJ. Emerg Med J 2003: 20(1); 54-60. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Cross-sectional >> Example (2)
Socioeconomic disparities in intimate partner violence against Native American women: a cross-sectional study. Malcoe LH, Duran BM, Montgomery JM. BMC Med 2004: 2(1); 20. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Crossover >> Advantages (1)
The case for cross-over trials in phase III. Jones B. Statistics in Medicine 1995: 14(9-10); 1025-38.
Evidence >> Apples >> Crossover >> Example (1)
Randomised crossover trial comparing the performance of Clinical Terms Version 3 and Read Codes 5 byte set coding schemes in general practice. Brown PJ, Warmington V, Laurence M, Prevost AT. Bmj 2003: 326(7399); 1127. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic (5)
Modeling treatment effects on binary outcomes with grouped-treatment variables and individual covariates. Johnston SC, Henneman T, McCulloch CE, van der Laan M. Am J Epidemiol 2002: 156(8); 753-60. [Medline]
The Semi-individual Study in Air Pollution Epidemiology: A Valid Design as Compared to Ecologic Studies. Kunzli N, Tager IB. Environmental Health Perspectives 1997: 105(10); 1078-1083.
Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Morgenstern H. Annu Rev Public Health 1995: 16; 61-81.
Medicine and the Media: Did Monica really say that? Tunstall-Pedoe H. British Medical Journal 1998: 317; 1023. [Full text]
Ecological study for reasons for sharp decline in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Poland since 1991. Zatonski W, McMichael A, Powles J. British Medical Journal 1998: 316(7137); 1047-1051. [Medline] [Abstract] [PDF]
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic >> Weaknesses (1)
Dietary fat and breast cancer risks. An epidemiologic perspective. Howe GR. Cancer 1994: 74(3 Suppl); 1078-84.
Evidence >> Apples >> Ecologic Data (1)
Data Levels and Measurement. Garson GD, North Carolina State University. Accessed on 2003-11-19. www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/datalevl.htm
Evidence >> Apples >> Example (7)
The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. NEJM 1994: 330(15); 1029-35. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text]
Influence of maternal age at delivery and birth order on risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood: prospective population based family study. Bart's-Oxford Family Study Group. Bingley PJ, Douek IF, Rogers CA, Gale EA. British Medical Journal 2000: 321(7258); 420-4. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer. Galton SF. Fortnightly Review 1872: 12; 125-135. [Full text] [PDF]
Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, La Motte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. N Engl J Med 1996: 334(18); 1145-9. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]
Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Jr., Valanis B, Williams JH, Jr., Barnhart S, Cherniack MG, Brodkin CA, Hammar S. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1996: 88(21); 1550-9. [Medline]
Observational Studies. Rosenbaum P (1995) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Comparison of maternal and infant outcomes between vacuum extraction and forceps deliveries. Wen SW, Liu S, Kramer MS, Marcoux S, Ohlsson A, Sauve R, Liston R. Am J Epidemiol 2001: 153(2); 103-7. [Medline] [Abstract]
Evidence >> Apples >> General (1)
Data Companion - Types of Research Studies. Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. Accessed on 2003-07-08. www.komen.org/bci/abc/dc/dc_studies.asp
Evidence >> Apples >> Haphazard assignment (1)
Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Ronning OM, Guldvog B. Stroke 1999: 30(10); 2033-7. [Medline] [Abstract] [Full text] [PDF]